How to properly develop a baby from birth. How to develop a child from birth to six months. So, what toys do babies need?

HOW TO WORK WITH A NEWBORN

The most difficult task facing a newborn baby during
the first month of his life - to adapt to conditions outside the maternal
organism. The baby sleeps most of the time. Waking up, he starts to lead
themselves in accordance with their internal physiological state. Periods
active wakefulness, when the child is ready to perceive new information,
rare and short lived. Therefore, it is not necessary to plan classes in advance with
newborns, just try to use the opportunity. Such
the opportunity arises when the child is full and in a good mood.
Remember that children have different thresholds of excitability, and if you overwork
baby, he may start to worry, scream and cry.

Practical Tips

Take care of the child no more than necessary
He needs human warmth, and therefore he likes to be taken
on your hands. Try to find out how your baby feels about it. Some babies get nervous and irritated when they are held for too long. It happens,
that a naughty baby calms down if you put him in a comfortable nursery
backpack. However, if the child is very rarely held, he may become
lethargic and lethargic.
Change the child's position
When the child is awake, try to diversify his postures. Let him
for some time lies on the stomach, then on the back or on the side. Being in
different positions, the baby will learn to move his arms and legs.
Children's calendar
Hang a calendar next to the changing table or dressing table and
pencil. In a separate column, you can record each new achievement of your
child.
Enjoy the time you spend with your baby
Laugh and have fun with your child. Sometimes it seems that he
able to express their joy.
Don't be afraid to spoil your child
Try to quickly fulfill his desires. If you give a child
enough attention when he needs it, he won't annoy you
once again.
Treat your baby with care
When returning home from the hospital, bring the newborn in a comfortable,
reliable car.

Game time

Vision
Attach a moving musical toy to the crib
In those moments when the baby is not sleeping and is in a good mood, he
will stop looking at the toy and will follow its movements. This will cause
child's interest in the world outside the crib. moving
musical toys especially attract the attention of toddlers.
Move the flashlight back and forth
Cover the flashlight with red or yellow polyethylene. Move them slowly
from side to side in front of a child lying on his back. Baby will delay first
glance only for a moment, but then start to follow the flashlight.
Show your tongue
Some two or three week old babies can imitate adults when they
stick out tongue. Try it.
Hearing
Hang up the bell
Hang a colored bell so that the child can see how he
moves, and hear its sound. This will allow the baby to knit beautiful
seen with a pleasant sound. If the bell is hung over the bed, then
first, the baby will look at him for a while, and then fall asleep.
Dance to the music
Your child will delight in the familiar swaying and shaking that
he's already used to it. Listen to music while holding your baby and quietly
dancing.
Shake the rattle next to the baby
Gently shake the rattle to the right and left of the baby. At first
do it quietly and then louder. After a while, the baby will understand that
the sound he hears comes from somewhere outside. He will start to look with his eyes
sound source. (If you put a few dry
peas, it will make a great rattle.)
Touch
Place a finger or rattle in the child's palm
Place a finger or a rattle on the child's palm. Baby grab them
fingers.
Exercises
Leg exercises
Place your baby on a firm mattress (cot or crib mattress).
suit is fine). Please let-
those to the baby for some time to move the legs and arms. If he starts
cry, try to calm him down by gently shaking him.

daily affairs

Feeding time
Keep a Good Mood
Whether you are breastfeeding or bottle feeding your baby, try to
do it in a way that both the child and you feel calm and comfortable.
Remember that the baby knows better than you when he is already full, so do not
make attempts to get him to eat a little more. Avoid coercion
so as not to lose the trust of the child.
Reach out and touch
While the baby is eating, gently stroke his head, shoulders and fingers,
then feeding will be associated with your tender
touches. Some children like to listen to singing while eating, while others,
when they hear their mother's voice, they stop sucking. If your child is easily distracted,
put off singing for a meal break or while your baby is spitting up.
Bathing
First baths
Bathe your baby in a baby bath. (Consult your doctor before
than bathing a baby for the first time.) While bathing, hum softly,
gently rubbing it with a soft sponge or cloth. If the child slips and he
you need a soft bedding, put a towel on the bottom of the bath.
Communication through touch
After swimming, it is good to have a massage. Using baby cream or
vegetable oil, gently massage the baby's shoulders, arms, legs, feet,
back, stomach and buttocks. Keep doing this while your child is in
good mood.
Swaddling/Dressing
kisses on the tummy
Changing the baby's diaper, gently kiss his tummy, fingers on his hands
and legs. These gentle touches help the child learn to be aware
parts of your body. At the same time, he not only feels his body, but also feels
your love.
undress the child
Don't wrap your baby. If the room is 20 - 25 degrees, it will be fine
to feel in a light shirt and a diaper. Children overheat, sweat and
feel uncomfortable if they are dressed too warmly.
Time relax
Turn on the baby radio
Putting the baby in the crib, turn on the radio, tape recorder or start
music box. Quiet music will calm him down.
Tape the noise of a washing machine
Instead of buying an expensive toy that makes sounds,
record the noise of a dishwasher or washing machine on tape. monotonous hum,
which the child hears will help him calm down and fall asleep.
Give your baby a musical toy
If from a very early age in the mind of a child to associate sleep time with
soft musical toy, it will become an integral part of this
process.
As they get older, some children resist being placed in
crib, and this toy will help them calm down and fall asleep.
Use a pacifier
Give your baby a pacifier before bed. Children who from an early age
accustomed to a pacifier, they know how to fall asleep on their own. If your child
refuses a pacifier, then at first it can be put in his mouth only for
a few minutes until he gets used to it. If the child continues to persist
find another way.
stroller
If the weather permits, take the child for a walk, pushing him in a stroller.
Constant movement will help him fall asleep.
A game of shadows
Children often wake up at night. Leave the night lamp on - soft
light will allow the child to observe the bizarre outlines of others
items.
Diapers and soft pillows
During the last few months of the uterine state, the baby has become accustomed to sleeping
in tightness. Therefore, he will feel good if he is swaddled or
cover with pillows. Many stores sell hanging hammocks that
can be strengthened inside a regular baby crib. Some of them are equipped
a special device that creates in the child the illusion of the beating of the mother
hearts. Rhythmic sounds remind the baby of those that he heard while in
mother's womb; this calms him down and he falls asleep.

* One month *

child's world

In the previous chapter, we talked about how communication occurs between
newborns and parents. Now we will observe the development of these
relationships during the second month of a child's life, when the baby becomes
more receptive to the surrounding reality and more clearly manifests its
response to adult behavior. At the same time, we will see how it improves
coordination of the child's movements and his ability to respond to visual
images and sounds.
As the child's ability to perceive and
learn new information, parents begin to treat him as
personality. Already at the age of one month, individual traits can be determined
character of the child, distinguishing him from his peers. Talking to a baby
one on one, you can tune in to its natural rhythm and
feel when you can deal with him, and when you need to give him
relax. You will learn how to handle a child when he is overexcited and
screams a lot. You'll discover new ways to help your baby maintain wealth.
peace and vivacity, calm down before going to bed.
One way you can help your baby is to teach him how to suck.
pacifier. Some babies start sucking on the pacifier instinctively, others stubbornly.
refuse it. If the baby resists and spits out the pacifier,
be persistent. Try to give it to the baby rocking him and singing
some tune. Buy two or three different nipples so you can
decide which one he likes best. After some time your efforts
will be rewarded - with the help of a pacifier, the child will learn on his own
calm down and fall asleep. A pacifier is a tool that both you and your baby can
appreciate it in the near future.

motor skills

A month old baby is already beginning to control his body. Have him disappear
convulsive, chaotic twitches, and the movements of the arms and legs gradually
become more even and orderly. The nervous trembling that is so
characteristic of newborns, also disappears.
The first change that can be seen in a child's behavior is
the ability to move your head. If the baby is placed in the crib on his stomach, he
without much effort can turn his head from side to side.
Some, especially strong children, even pick it up and look around.
The baby's ability to move its head is especially evident when you hold it,
leaning against your shoulder. However, no matter how strong your
child, he is far from fully able to control his movements. Taking out
baby out of the crib or carrying him around the room, be sure to support him
head with hands. As a rule, monthly babies are not able to independently
move around, but occasionally there are such active kids who,
wriggling and fidgeting, get to the corner of the crib or roll over from the stomach
on the back. Sometimes even the most passive children are able to do unexpected things.
movement. Therefore, just in case, even the tiniest baby is better not to
leave one on a table or other high place.
Having reached the age of one month, the child begins not only to turn
head, but also much better to own the muscles of the arms and legs. He is capable
move them not only smoothly and rhythmically, but also speed up or slow down
pace depending on the rhythm of human speech. When you talk to a child
in a calm and even tone, his movements are calm and uniform. Try
speak quickly, excitedly, and you will see how the baby begins to energetically
move hands and feet.

Ability to see, hear, feel

In the previous chapter, we discussed the degree of excitability in newborns. We
talked about the fact that you can see how differently they feel in
depending on their environment, sleep and stay awake. Condition of a month old baby
much easier to determine. You can already understand, firmly or vice versa,
the baby sleeps restlessly, and when he wakes up, he is calm or excited.
In the waking state, a one-month-old baby is able to follow with his eyes
moving object. He concentrates and looks at
any object or drawing located in front of him at a distance of 12 -
30 centimeters. If the baby especially likes something, he even starts
"crow". Then after a few minutes he looks away. This process
called "introduction". The child seems to say: “Yes, now I
I know what it is." If you change an item or, without removing the first one,
show the baby another one, he will repeat his actions.
For a one-month-old baby, new sounds are as interesting as new ones.
visual images. He can distinguish speech from other sounds and at the same time a clear
prefers the human voice. At an unfamiliar sound, baby
becomes alert, freezes, and it seems that he is attentively listening to
him. If the sound is repeated several times, the child stops paying attention to
his attention. To re-interest the child, you can change the sound,
for example, instead of ringing a bell, let the baby listen to a rattle or
a toy that can squeak.
During this period, in the mind of the child, the connection between what he saw and
heard. After a little training, he will look at each time
the bell hanging over his bed when he rings. Baby differently
responds to different sounds. Music soothes him, loud noises scare him, and
whistling or ringing is of interest.

We understand our child

From the moment of birth, each child is a distinct
individuality with characteristic features. but
only by the end of the first month of a baby's life do parents begin to truly
recognize him. Now they can tell a lot about their child,
including the whole range of his behavior: how he happens when he is calm or
excited when he is in a good mood or is naughty, resting or
moves, whether he calms down easily or not, his actions are predictable or
no, quickly or slowly he reacts to what is happening around him. Parents
know how best to hold him in your arms and how to calm and
put to sleep. They can tell when he's screaming in pain, when
hunger, and when his cry means: “Nothing terrible happened. Just me
I want to be petted."
A one-month-old baby loses sleepiness characteristic of newborns.
wandering glance. Now the baby is able to stay awake for quite a long time before and
after feeding, but he is still not ready for the effects that have
harsh character. If he hears too loud sounds, sees a bright light,
feels too energetic touches, he is unable to separate one
feeling from someone else. Overloaded with impressions, the baby begins to get nervous
and get annoyed. Indeed, at this age, many children during the day
there are certain periods when they suddenly overwork quickly and
they start to freak out. At such moments, one baby can be calmed by taking
hands, shaking or rhythmically patting on the back. Another will stop crying and
will fall asleep if wrapped in a blanket or comfortably arranged in a stroller.
However, it happens that a very active or restless baby does not respond
no effort on the part of the parents and his unceasing crying creates in
tense environment at home. This child needs some time
scream so that he can free himself from internal tension. We hope,
that the following
The following ways will help you calm a restless baby.
1. Try to complete daily activities such as
feeding, swaddling, bathing and massage before going to bed, in a balanced
calm state.
2. Sit in a rocking chair in a semi-dark room. Take the child to
hands and gently rock while humming the melody. If the child is tense and
arches, place him belly down on your knees or arrange in a large
comfortable wheelchair and rock gently. Sing something in a low voice.
3. While rocking for a while, listen for a scream. Didn't he start
subside? Maybe it became not so shrill and loud? If you
you will feel that the crying has become more sleepy and quiet, continue to swing for another
within five minutes.
4. It also happens that crying does not subside, but, on the contrary, intensifies. In that
If so, gently place your baby on their stomach in the crib. Turn up the volume
music - a radio or a music box, and tiptoe out of the room.
5. If the scream lasts more than 10 minutes, return to normal activities.
Be confident in yourself and do not forget that when doing business, you need to save
their usual consistency, calmness and balance.
6. Finally, if you see that the child always falls asleep with difficulty,
contact your pediatrician.
A one-month-old baby is not yet ready for contacts with others, nevertheless
he wants to communicate. Try playing one-on-one with your toddler.
one": you and the child look closely into each other's eyes, then look away
them aside and make eye contact again. In such a simple way parents
develop a child's communication skill, which becomes his first
step towards spoken language. And after a while the child begins
"walk". Although his sound repertoire is not rich and
limited to one or two front vowels, it is in
in the full sense of the word learns to speak.
It is very funny to watch parents who are passionate about talking with
with your baby. An adult raises his eyebrows high, opens his eyes wide and
rounds his mouth, or, conversely, frowns, squints his eyes and compresses his lips. He
may nod his head and lean close to the child's face or slightly
tilt your head. Through such grimaces and movements, which at first
look seem unnatural, parents introduce the child to sign language,
which is an integral part of the spoken language. open look,
the face facing the baby indicates the desire of an adult to communicate with
child, call him for a dialogue. Conversely, if the facial expression
an adult becomes aloof and turns away, this means that
now there will be a pause in the conversation.
Such conversations, no matter how short they are, usually take place in
certain sequence. First, dad or mom raise their voice to
get the child's attention. When the baby in response begins to publish different
sounds, this inspires the adult, and the conversation is animated, which, in its
turn, causes a strong excitement of the child. Then, as
the excitement of the baby subsides, the voice of the adult gradually decreases, and he takes
look to the side. After a few seconds, the "interlocutors" again look at each other.
friend, and the conversation resumes. Over time, thanks to such conversations, in
your family can establish a daily ritual that is enjoyable
both baby and parents.

CLASSES WITH A CHILD

Practical Tips

Conversation with a child
Most of all, the child loves to listen to the human voice. greet
him when entering the room, and use every opportunity to talk to
him.
Speak loudly if you want to get your baby's attention and softly when
you need to calm him down. By changing the timbre of the voice from low to high and vice versa,
You can keep the interest of the child long enough.
dad games
Mom and dad play differently with the child. Because each of them
brings something of its own to communication with the baby, it is important that both of them participate in
his upbringing. Change the position of the child. Try to position the child
in such a way that it is surrounded by a variety of objects. For example,
if you take it for a ride in the car, put it on the car seat
something bright to excite his imagination. (Every time you
are traveling in a car together, do not forget to check that the car has all
the necessary equipment to ensure the safety of the child during
trips.)

Game time

Vision
"Doll from a plate"
Make a doll for your baby by drawing a face on a paper plate and
attached to the side of the handle. Move the plate in different directions on
distance of 25 centimeters from the face of the child. After a while baby
will begin to follow the toy, and a smile will appear on his face.
Observation of the subject
Have your child watch a rattle, a flashlight, or a brightly colored toy.
Move the object from left to right at a distance of 25 - 30 centimeters from
baby's face. When he learns to follow him, moving his eyes horizontally,
start moving vertically, from the baby's forehead to the chin. Finally,
try rotating the object in a circle. Don't forget to keep your spirits up
baby and be ready to stop playing if you feel that he is tired or
he got bored.
Look at me
Let the child watch your face. When you move to the left
to the right, the baby will follow you with his eyes and turn his head.
Skipjack
Sew one end to a small soft toy with a rubber band.
Attach the other end to the ceiling. Lay the child so that the toy
was directly above him, and make the toy animal jump up and
down. Having become older, the baby will be able to reach it with his hands and grab it.
View from the crib
If the walls of the crib are made of transparent plastic,
the child will be able to look through them at the surrounding objects.
moving toy
Hang a toy above the crib that can be easily
move. When choosing a toy, imagine how your baby will perceive it. Let in
for a few days it will hang on one side of the crib,
and then on the other. When the baby gets used to it and you notice that he
capable of holding her gaze for a few moments, hang others
toys on the sides of the crib.
Sound perception
Children's poems
Introduce your child to poetic rhythm and meter.
Tell him some well-known and favorite children's poems,
for example: “One, two, three, four, five, the bunny went out for a walk ...” or
come up with your own. Take any song and just change
words.
Booties with a bell
Tie bells to baby booties. Every time you move your leg,
the baby will hear the ringing of the bell.
Where I am?
Talk to your baby in the crib at the same time
moving around the room. Following your movements, he will develop
sight and hearing.
Feel
Massage your baby's fingers and toes
Massage each finger separately. Thanks to this pleasant
feeling, the child will feel his body better.
Development of touch
Rub your baby's hands and feet with mittens made from different
material - silk, velveteen, satin, wool, flannel or terry cloth.
Soft touch
Gently stroke your baby with a brush, feather, or piece of cotton. To him
love those gentle touches.
Pleasant smells
Dip cotton balls in various scented liquids such as
cologne, mint or vanilla eau de toilette. Let your baby sniff them
- will help in the development of his sense of smell.
Exercises
Raise and lower baby's arms
Lay the child on his back, gently lift his arms above his head and
lower them down, then cross them in front of the chest and spread them apart. At
sing a song about it.
A walk on the bike
Put the baby on his back, gently move his legs, imitating
cyclist leg movements. During the exercise, sing a song, for example:
"We're going, we're going, we're going to distant lands..."
look up
Lay your baby on the floor, tummy down. Sit next to him and, calling
him by name, show him a bright toy. The kid will try to pick up
head, thereby developing the muscles of the neck, back and arms.
look at mom
Do the same exercise, only this time you should lie down on
back and put the baby on your stomach. Calling the child by name, try,
to raise his head and look at you.

Casual grandfather

Feeding time
Change the child's position
When breastfeeding, you naturally change the position of the baby. but
if you feed a child from a bottle, try to do it so that he can see
surrounding objects from different angles.
wrap baby horn
If your baby sucks from the bottle, wrap the bottle in a cloth and let
the baby touches it while eating. A horn case can be purchased at
store or make from a brightly colored sock.
bright towel
Before you start feeding your baby, place a bright color on your shoulder.
colored towel or throw on a bright scarf. The child will enjoy the time
time to look at your face and then at the towel. If the view
a bright thing distracts the baby, do not show it until you are done
feeding.
bathing time
Soft touch
Keep massaging your baby. Massaging his little body, sing a quiet
lullaby. Your touch and singing will let the baby relax and
feel safe.
Wrap up baby
After bathing and wrapping the baby in a towel, play hide and seek with him.
(Hide your face behind the edge of the towel, and then look out and say, “Coo-coo.”)
Swaddling time
Entertainment
Hang some light toys above the baby changing table. On the
for a while the child will calm down, having taken up the study of each toy.
Breathe over your baby's arms and tummy
Warm your baby's arms and tummy with your breath. focusing attention
on different parts of his body, he gets to know himself better.
Time relax
Fluttering Ribbons
Attach short colored ribbons to the plastic ring. Hang
them next to the crib. Open a window or turn on an electric
fan so that the ribbons flutter. Before going to bed, the child will be pleased
watch them.
short rest
If you have a free minute, take a break with your child.
Sitting comfortably on a bed or soft carpet, put the baby on your
breast. Your calm, rhythmic breathing will soothe the baby, and both of you will remain
satisfied with the time spent together.

The baby is born with developed sense organs. Most of the receptors are already formed by the time the baby is born, even if there was a premature birth. For example, the auditory and visual apparatus are formed starting from the second month of intrauterine life. The vestibular apparatus functions from the third month after conception. At the same time, taste receptors are formed. Tactile receptors develop most intensively between the second and fourth months of intrauterine life. Pain and temperature sensitivity are formed somewhat later, but the newborn already has them. By the end of fetal development, the formation of olfactory sensitivity receptors is completed.

A newborn baby distinguishes not only taste, but also smell: he energetically turns away from the unpleasant. The child shows a differentiated reaction to wet diapers and a warm bath, prefers women's voices to men's. Rhythmic sounds, reminiscent of the sounds of a human heartbeat, calm him down, sharp sounds disturb him. According to the latest research, a newborn distinguishes sounds that differ sharply in character from each other, for example, noise and knock from musical tones, distinguishes tones within adjacent octaves, and determines the direction of the sound. He is able to imitate some of the gestures and facial expressions of an adult available to him. According to O. Friedrich, "Children as young as twelve days old imitate adults when they show their tongue."

First of all, a newborn needs timely care and attention, but without complex stimulation, its development cannot be normal and versatile. For the full emotional development of the child, it is necessary to communicate with him as often as possible. The most effective communication with the baby occurs when he is in the arms of an adult. Therefore, take the baby in your arms not only if he cries, but also specifically to communicate with him. A baby under one year old is almost impossible to spoil. His mother's hands are a complex stimulator for him. Holding the child in your arms and moving with him in space, you enrich the visual world of the baby, because his space is limited by the bed, and the optimal vision zone is 30-60 cm. little man, the first emotional responses - timid smiles, motor excitement - which will later develop into positive emotional exclamations.

How to develop reflexes, vision of a newborn?

Development of visual orienting reactions

As various studies show, from the first days of life, a newborn can detect orienting reflexes to light, defensive reflexes to bright light, an unconditioned reflex to a moving object - eye movement in the direction of a moving stimulus.

In a child, a few days after birth, one can observe the so-called visual concentration - fixing the eyes on an object with a simultaneous delay in the impulsive movements of the arms, legs and head. In the first week of life, a newborn has a reaction to eye-to-eye contact, that is, the ability to look into the eyes of the person who picked him up.

It has been established that a newborn prefers a face or its schematic image to any other visual image, and a more natural image of a face is fixed by a child for a longer time.

. Hang a black and white image of a human face (the size of a notebook sheet) above the crib at a distance of about 25 cm from the eyes of the child (greater distance gives a scattered image). At the moment when the baby looks at the “face”, start moving the image: first to the right, then to the left. It is enough to do this 1-2 times a day for 1-2 minutes.

In a month, the exercise becomes more difficult: move the “face” first to the right, then to the left; returning the "face" to the center, move it up from the baby's eyes, and then again to the center, then down. Move closer to the child's face, then move away. Do this 1-2 times a day for 2-3 minutes.

Take a ring with a diameter of 5-7 cm. Hang it over the crib on a rod 60-70 cm long. The ring can be of any color, but it should be borne in mind that on a bright sunny day, a baby under the age of one year better follows the movement of green, blue and purple toys , and in cloudy - red, orange and yellow.

Try to determine if your baby can distinguish between objects of different colors, such as red and green. To do this, place a red rattle at a height of 60-70 cm above the baby's chest (from about the 20th day of life). Hold the rattle over him during each period of his wakefulness and until he stops noticing it. Then replace it with the same shape, but a different color. Pay attention to whether he will begin to examine the new rattle with the same enthusiasm, or not notice the difference. It is very good if he examines the new rattle with the same enthusiasm - this means that he saw the difference between them. Next time, pick up another pair of rattles in the same way.

Hang an orange or yellow 5x7 cm toy 40 cm above the baby's chest. Move it 180 ° in one direction or another.

At 2 months, hang over the baby's face, securely and safely strengthening, a metal unbreakable mirror at a distance of 18-20 cm from the eyes. The mirror should be positioned so that the child can see his own reflection. The game with a mirror can be carried out 1-2 times a day for 2-3 minutes.

Bring the baby to a large mirror so that he examines his reflection, arouse his interest in details (concentration and examination). Move your baby closer and further away from the mirror.

Attach the mirror to a flexible structure (such as a plastic band) so your baby can take it out when he can and look at himself.

Give your child the opportunity to consider graphic shapes: lines, triangles, quadrangles (black and white at first), which can be drawn on a regular sheet of paper. Attach them in your baby's field of vision at a distance of about 25 cm from his eyes.

If the baby looks at the images presented to him with visible pleasure, then, having shown any one drawing, move it first to the left, then to the right; then up, down; then in a circle - first in one direction, then in the other; finally, bringing it closer to the eyes - moving away from the eyes.

Reduced images of graphic figures are located on the page in a certain sequence, from simple to complex. In this order, they should be shown. Each of the drawings can be presented in several forms: as a set of dots, as a contour, or as a black and white figure. You can use other images as well. In full size, each image should be the size of a notebook sheet.

Hello dear readers! Defectologist psychologist Irina Ivanova is with you. Today I want to tell you about how to develop a child up to a year by months. Recently I had to attend a discussion that took place in the company of young modern women.

It was about popular now. All mothers enthusiastically talked about the achievements of their children. Someone takes them to the early development studio, of which there are now a lot of them. Someone uses the technique at home, and by the age of three or four their children already know the letters and are almost preparing to read books on their own.

There were even adherents of the now forgotten, but no less valuable, system of raising the Nikitin family, which was very popular at the end of the last century. Well, and only those who are not interested in anything at all do not use benefits now. But ... all this concerned babies older than one and a half to two years. But what about children who are not even a year old? Do they really need only healthy sleep and good nutrition?

One of the participants in the discussion, a girl who works as a psychologist in a developmental children's center, undertook to enlighten the audience on this subject. I want to introduce you to what she told us. First, she brought us the authoritative opinion of many well-known specialists in the field of child psychology. It turns out that one should not place unjustified expectations on artificial stimulation of development.

Each skill will come to the baby only when, in order to master it, the psyche, brain cells and the whole organism in their development rise to a certain level. This is a property that is genetically inherent in a person. After all, you can’t immediately sit on the twine if you have never done gymnastics? Even if two chickens are planted on one egg at once, the chicken will still hatch only on the 21st day.

Yes, it is necessary to prepare the base for new skills and abilities. When the time comes, the grain will fall into the prepared soil, but it is unnecessary to force events too much. As for babies up to a year old, they can and should be developed, but in accordance with the capabilities of the baby.

What to do with an infant

There are no words, it is very important that both “the ass is dry” and “the tummy works like clockwork”, but you also need to remember that every day of a baby’s life is priceless for its development. Here are some recommendations on how to develop a baby by months, what to play with and do.

• The first month

There is no need to care for a child in complete silence. Talk to him in a calm, gentle voice, and by the end of the month he will hold his gaze on your face, and you will wait for the first precious smile - an invitation to further communication. Hang a bright rattle over the crib at a distance of 60 cm, let him try to focus his eyes on it. For the first time, this is enough.

• Second month

Take the baby in your arms more often, and he himself prefers this position. This is how the desire for knowledge, which is genetically inherent in a person, is realized. Moreover, when you are holding a baby, do not try to argue with someone at this time or get angry. Only kind facial expressions, only a calm and even tone of conversation. At this stage of development, the main thing is the satisfaction of the orienting reflex.

• third month

Lay the baby on the tummy with a bright object in front of it. Talk to him, respond to his cooing: ah-ah-ah, boo-hoo, boo-boo. Sing songs, turn on melodic music, do not leave crying in bed for a long time in order to "accustom" to occupy yourself on your own. These are the preconditions for future neurosis.

• fourth month

Decorate the interior as colorfully as possible, in which the baby spends the most time - bright colors of fabrics, a carousel with melodious music, or moving modules will create the right mood, prepare for mastering the shapes and shades of color. Put rattles in his handle, hang them at the level of the hands, change the position of the crumbs more often: either in the crib, then in the arena, then on the hands.

• Fifth month

This is the month of showing interest in toys. From now on, the child can pick them up, grab them, pull them towards him. Now teach him to deal with them: knock, shift from pen to pen, carefully consider. Show him moving toys - jumping, spinning. The development of attention is the basis of future successful learning. Do not forget to respond to the cooing, which by the fifth month becomes active and very melodic. So you help develop speech, the foundations of which are being laid right now.

• sixth month

The child strives to start crawling, and now you need to create the conditions for this. It is better if it is a special arena, but a part of the carpet covered with a thick blanket is also suitable. Lay out toys in front of the baby lying on the tummy. He will reach for them and try to crawl, perhaps on his tummy or on all fours.

The main educational games this month are all kinds of boxes and modules in which you can put items in and take items out of them. It is desirable that they are equipped with lids that the baby really likes to open and close.

• seventh month

This is a period of intensive development of speech understanding. Talk to your baby, show objects of the world, toys, name them. This is how a passive vocabulary develops and the prerequisites for him to start talking on his own. The best toys at the moment are a box or box with cubes and balls, small toys. Have your child take them out and put them back in.

Very useful games with water while swimming, with objects floating in it. From this age, it is necessary to reasonably introduce the concepts of “possible” and “impossible”. Do not forget that indulging whims is the basis for the development of hysteria, and excessive severity is the prerequisite for educating either a rebel or an indecisive person in the future.

• eighth month

Do not lay out a lot of toys at once, it is better to periodically hide them and take them out one by one. In order for thinking to develop, you need to play small scenes with them that are understandable to the baby. Let the dolls walk, eat, sleep, feed cats and dogs. Accompany these performances with understandable comments and onomatopoeia. They will bring much more benefit to the development of intelligence and speech of children than the best educational cartoons.

• ninth month

Play hide and seek when you hide yourself, your baby or a toy under a scarf or diaper. Children at this age develop modulated babble. Select from it syllables similar to the words of your native language, repeat them expressively several times. So you create the prerequisites for your baby to pronounce them.

Turn on music to listen to, let it be light melodies or children's songs. Standing on the floor or in the arena, the children will dance under them. Play with toys together, show their capabilities, name the color and shape of objects, ask for a certain thing to be served to you. The tenacious memory of the crumbs will retain this knowledge, and soon he himself will operate with these concepts.

• From 10 months to a year

During this period, you need to tirelessly talk with the child. Say whatever you want, you can't just be silent. Accompany your actions with comments, talk about what is happening in the house, what you see on a walk, outside the window.

All kinds of pyramids, inserts, games where you need to put something somewhere (such as a “mailbox” game), rings that are put on pins, nesting dolls, large plastic puzzles - this is the minimum set of educational games and toys. Give your child a sheet of thick paper and a soft pencil. He is already able to leave a mark on the sheet, draw a line. Read books, play finger games, sing songs to him and tell him nursery rhymes.

All parents, without exception, worry about the health of their child. The issue of full-fledged physical, mental, neuropsychic development is especially worrisome for parents in the first year of a baby's life. How does the baby develop month by month? We offer for consideration an approximate plan for the formation of a peanut: we will evaluate the psychophysical development of a child up to a year old, the terms and norms according to WHO.

Up to a year, all babies develop about the same, but you need to make allowances for the individual characteristics and parameters of the child at birth

Table of physical parameters up to a year

To assess the growth rate, weight gain and physical development of the baby, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the average generally accepted indicators of the stages of development of the child up to a year. However, we must not forget that all children have individual development schedules, exact compliance with the tables given is not mandatory, slight deviations from the norms are allowed. Do not forget also that boys and girls differ slightly in their neuropsychic development, but if the baby does not acquire skills and developmental indicators normal for his age for a long time, you should consult a doctor.

Table of physiological parameters of a child up to a year: (we recommend reading:)

So, how does a newborn baby grow during the first year? Consider the development of a child up to a year using a calendar divided by every 3 months from the birth of a baby.

From birth to 3 months

A newborn is born with developed hearing and vision. There is a vivid manifestation of innate reflexes: the child knows how to suck, swallow, blink and grab from the first minutes of life. However, while the baby is not able to roll over. A newborn from a position on the tummy cannot raise his head, but the instinct of self-preservation is triggered - he turns his head on his cheek.

The baby is able to hold the head for a few seconds, tries to raise it when lying on the tummy. In a month, there is a response to sounds and sudden movements, expressed in involuntary separation of the handles and their subsequent pressing against the body. You can also observe spontaneous imitation of walking.

2 MONTHS

The baby raises and holds the head "standing" for 1 - 1.5 minutes, and from a position on the tummy, it can lift not only the head, but also the chest. Pays attention to sounds and bright light by turning the head and looking attentively. There is an intensive development of the vestibular apparatus. The child grabs and holds moving objects.

3 MONTHS

At 3 months, the baby should hold the head well for 1 to 3 minutes. From a lying position on the stomach, he can rise, leaning on his elbows. Begins to roll over, spin, change position, but there is still no clear coordination in the movements. He watches toys with interest, pulls his hands to them. He begins to put his fingers in his mouth, grab and pull the sheet.

I like the company of adults. Communication with parents is very captivating for the baby, the baby “comes to life”, shows joy, smiles, laughs. Can walk for a long time, turns his head to unfamiliar sounds. Now the baby is especially touching, do not forget to take photos more often as a keepsake!

Physical Features

neuropsychic development

From 4 months to six months

4 MONTHS

Being in a supine position on the back, the baby raises the head. If you put it on legs, it rests firmly on them. Begins to sit, can easily roll over from the back to the tummy. Freely lifts the body and rests on the palms when lying on the tummy. Carefully observes objects, can grab them. It is played with rattles (we recommend reading:).

5 MONTHS

The baby can sit, but still does not hold his back evenly, he can stand on his legs if he is held by the handles. Makes the first attempts to roll over from the tummy to the back. Holds an interesting object in the pen for a long time. Recognizes parents, begins to be afraid of strangers. According to Komarovsky, the baby already understands various voice intonations, begins to distinguish and understand the emotions of the mother.

6 MONTHS

At this stage, the child can already sit. He himself holds a flat back, easily spinning in all directions. With little help from an adult, he can stand on his feet, tries to walk. Begins to get up on all fours and move in this way. Already actively waving toys, picking up fallen objects.

There are also noticeable changes in speech:

• begins to express the first requests;
• the cooing is replaced by simple babbling sounds "ma", "pa", "ba".

Physical Features

neuropsychic development

From six months to 9 months

7 MONTHS

The baby can easily and quickly crawl on all fours, sit freely and for a long time. In a sitting position, he straightens and bends. Holding on to furniture, he can kneel, with the support of adults he can stand and step over. Interested in his mirror image. Can point with eyes at large objects, called adults.

8 MONTHS

According to the development calendar, at 8 months the child can sit down on his own and even stand on his feet (for more details, see the article:). Starts to play "patties", imitating hand clapping. With pleasure, she tries to take the first steps with the help of adults. The mimic movement of the face acquires a rich variety. The kid expresses interest, surprise, fear with facial expressions.

He easily finds the object of interest to him and persistently tries to reach him. He spends a lot of time in games - for a long time he can look at toys, knock them, throw them.

9 MONTHS

Standing on its feet, refuses support. He likes to walk, leaning on furniture, tries to get up on his feet from any position. Starts climbing on a hill - boxes, benches, pillows. At 9 months, motor skills become more complex, the baby can collect small parts of toys, sort out the designer, move cars.

Understands and can fulfill a simple request, such as “give the ball”, “wave your hand”. For games, he chooses a sitting position, easily and quickly memorizes new words. I like to look for fallen or hidden objects. Responds when called by name. Begins to distinguish words not only by intonation, but also by meaning. Can sort items by shape, color, size.

Physical Features

neuropsychic development

10 months to 1 year

10 MONTHS

After 10 months, the child, without help, gets to his feet and begins to walk. Starts to step over with the support of one handle. Can take a small object with fingers, gets upset when toys they like are taken away. Often and consciously imitates the movements of adults, can open-close, raise-throw, hide-find. The child pronounces simple one-syllable words.

11 MONTHS

1 YEAR

After 11-12 months, a difficult stage of development begins. Boys often develop a little slower than girls. The ability to walk independently appears. He can approach himself if he is called by name. Able to squat and straighten up without support. Picks up objects from the floor without sitting down. Can perform a difficult task: close doors, bring a toy from another room.

Shows interest in the process of undressing, bathing. Says about ten simple words. In a year, a child watches people and cars with interest. You can find more detailed information on the Internet by watching Komarovsky's video on the proper development of children from 0 to a year.

Physical Features

neuropsychic development

The opinion of Dr. Komarovsky

Popular today, Dr. Komarovsky talks intelligibly and interestingly about children in his book "The Beginning of Life: Your Child from Birth to 1 Year", as well as in his video lessons. Of course, the main focus is on pediatric issues, but in addition to this, from books and lectures you can learn about:

• principles of caring for a toddler;
• nutrition and feeding of children (according to WHO, as well as according to the author's method of feeding);
• key stages of growth and development (when the baby should sit, crawl, stand and walk).

Even yesterday, the expectant mother was interested in issues related to her own proper nutrition, and childbirth seemed to be something unrealistic. After the birth of a baby, new problems arise, including the stages of development of a newborn - one regimen of rest and food intake is indispensable, since babies are able to absorb a minimum amount of information from the first days of life.

The right time to study

Young mothers may not agree to develop a child from 1 month old, because the only activity that fascinates him is sleep. Babies sleep up to 18 hours a day, the rest of the time they eat or take water procedures after changing the next diaper. However, it's not that hard to find just a few minutes to play with even a one-month-old baby. It is advisable to engage in development at the moments when the child has eaten, moved away from sleep and is not naughty.

It is enough to take about 10-15 minutes to play with a newborn to give impetus to mental and emotional development. After talking, the baby will probably fall asleep and will give mom the opportunity to pay attention to herself and household chores.

Proper stimulation of natural interest in children of 1 month of life will be a good start for the formation of a harmonious personality.

movements

Ordinary laying on the stomach help strengthen the muscles of the abdomen, back and spine, are an excellent prevention of colic and digestive disorders. The child must be placed on a firm and even surface, gently holding the head. Not all children like such manipulations, since the exercise requires some effort. You can gently stroke the back, avoiding the spine area, and talk quietly.

At first, the procedure should last no more than 1 minute, then gradually the time increases to 10-15 minutes, but here it is important to monitor the reaction and mood of the newborn. To increase interest in the exercise, it is recommended to use bright toys that will attract the attention of the little one.

The muscles of the neck and head are strengthened if you periodically carry a month-old baby in your arms, placing it vertically. At the same time, it is necessary to lightly hold the head of the baby, since up to 3 months he is not able to fix it on his own.

Pediatricians recommend carrying babies in the first days of life, supporting the buttocks and neck- the baby should be completely located on the hands of an adult, while the back of the head is supported with one hand, and the buttocks with the other. The arms and legs are in a free position, and the body can bend a little.

Tactile sensations

The best tactile sensations in an infant are formed through touch that replace any toys. You can touch various parts of the body: legs, arms, neck, cheeks. Cotton, feather, fur are used as stimulants - this will allow the child to learn to distinguish gentle touches from soft ones and get acquainted with tickling.

Needed in the first month hand development classes, for which it is useful to stroke the back of the hand from the wrist to the fingers. After manipulation, you should put a small rattle or small toys into the baby's fist, offering them one by one. The rattle should have a short handle, since a long baby is difficult to hold. You can pull fabrics of various textures through the cam or a flagellum with knots tied on it. Do not underestimate such games, because the development of speech directly depends on the motor skills of the fingers.

visual perception

The vision of a newborn does not allow him to focus on a specific object, and the baby sees the world around him blurry. During the game, it is important to lean very close over the baby so that the adult's face is at a distance of 30 cm. As soon as it is clear that the child has fixed the face of a loved one, you can slowly move your head to the right and left, call the baby by name, click your tongue or smack your lips. Such actions will be much more effective than the most expensive toy, as they will help to cause tracking and attention.

Gradually, at 1 month, toys that differ from each other in texture, color and sound should be introduced into use. At this age, the child distinguishes between a cage and a strip, black and white shades, yellow and red colors. Buying toys of the same type does not make sense, because you can keep your baby busy with communication with parents. Among the main acceptable options, experienced mothers distinguish:

1. Toys that can be hung over the arena. It is not necessary to fasten the whole carousel at once, one bright detail is enough for the little one to learn to fix his gaze. Change toys preferably 2 times a week.
2. Toys that are attached with an elastic band. Just a hanging object can quickly bore a child, and moving toys will arouse interest. No special skills are needed to use such a game to entertain the baby: it is enough to pull the elastic band and release it.
3. Toys that can be moved. Here you will need the presence of an adult and the presence of a colored toy, which must be smoothly moved from one edge of the arena to the other.

At 1 month, babies are considered with great interest black and white patterns and pictures: spirals, image of a chessboard.

If there is no time to engage in child development every day, you should hang pictures on the wall next to the crib. However, you should not comfort yourself that the baby develops independently with the same success as when playing with adults. Communication helps the baby quickly get used to the unfamiliar world for him.

auditory perception

In order to concentrate hearing in a newborn, in the first month of life it is necessary sing him lullabies. In the absence of vocal abilities, you can put on soft classical music or ring a rattle to the left and right of the baby. In fact, it doesn’t matter at all to the baby what songs and how the mother sings - it’s just nice for him to hear her voice. Freezing and stopping movements are a sure signal that the child is listening to new sounds.

Speech perception

The most suitable time for classes is the wakefulness of the crumbs after feeding. You need to take him in your arms so that he takes the pose of the "embryo" and looks into the face of an adult, then you need to make an "aha" sound, imitating the little one, pausing for 1-2 minutes. It will take several repetitions to get the response of the newborn.

During the "dialogue" it is useful to stroke the baby, shake him up, bring him closer to his face. If playing while the baby is in the crib, hang the toys upside down so the baby can see them. During the first days, it is desirable to use large black and white objects, then replacing them with colored ones.

Speech contact with an adult always causes a storm of emotions in a newborn. He pays attention to the speaker, rejoices in communication, smiles and hums. Particular sensitivity is manifested when the dialogue is conducted with a childish manner of speech. A loving mother, in order to convey all her tenderness, most often uses the techniques of lisping, referring to her child. Among the first needs of a toddler, psychologists note:

• affection;
• love;
• tenderness;
• care.

It will take only a few days for a strong emotional and sensual connection to be established between mother and baby. You should not listen to the advice of the older generation about the dangers of a quick response to a crying baby. It is important to respond to the cry as soon as possible so that the baby felt completely safe and secure. A newborn may experience discomfort for various reasons: pain, hunger, wet diapers, a full diaper. We should not forget that in the first month of life, the world around us scares the little one, and it is necessary to provide him with a harmonious atmosphere.

Among the soothing methods used pacifier and motion sickness on hands, which is also sometimes considered unacceptable, but there is nothing wrong with the baby being able to realize the sucking reflex or immersed in the familiar state when he gently swayed inside his mother's belly. There is no need to be afraid that an extra touch will spoil the newborn. It is much worse if from the first days the baby feels lonely just because the grandmother forbids the mother to come often to the playpen. When the child is in his arms, the parts of the nervous system associated with the organs of hearing and vision are activated. Direct contact with the mother is the best way to stimulate the full development of the crumbs.

Clinical and perinatal psychologist, graduated from the Moscow Institute of Perinatal and Reproductive Psychology and Volgograd State Medical University with a degree in clinical psychology