In Macedonian, you can't make a goat. The goat is considered an animal of a demonic nature; acts as a hypostasis of evil spirits and at the same time as a guard against it

For a person, the most familiar are round pupils. But in goats, for example, they are rectangular!

What is the reason for this? In fact, goats have pupils that look like horizontal slits. But when they expand, they become like rectangles. This makes it possible for goats to see 340 °, with little or no turning of the head. For comparison, a person can see 160 - 180 ° without turning his head.

During the day, in sunlight, the pupils of goats are very narrow. This is a kind of protection from sunlight. The eye protects itself from daylight, and at night it expands and becomes rectangular. The presence of such unusual pupils is inherent in nature. Rectangular pupils are not only in goats, but also in other ungulates that graze in pastures. Such pupils help animals to better navigate on the plains and pastures. The shape of the pupil gives animals a better outlook at night, which gives them a good opportunity to navigate at night. This is also due to nature. Such animals can see the danger and the predator (especially at night) before he notices them. This is inherent in the instinct of self-preservation. Exactly the same rectangular pupils are present in an octopus, which is due to nature and evolution.

Where did the phrase "retired goat drummer" come from? " ?

So they called in the 19th century people without specific occupations, and sometimes just small, forgotten people, somehow feeding on some random and useless handicrafts. where did this joke definition come from?

Almost until the revolution itself, in the wilderness one could see a wandering troupe of beggars or semi-poor: a guide with a learned bear, showing various “things”, a “goat” - a man on whose head a rough likeness of a goat’s head made of burlap was fixed, and a “drummer”, often from retired soldiers, drumming calling on the "public".

To be in the position of a “retired drummer with a goat”, that is, to lose this job as well, was already the final limit of disaster. it is probably in the language of wandering troupes that we must look for the roots of our figurative expression.

a little new and interesting facts about goats.

The Belarusians believed that the goat was created by the devil, and therefore outwardly similar to him. Ukrainians also considered a goat to be a devilish creation, and if it is sprinkled with holy water, it immediately “disappears” (dies). Goats have short tails, because the devil, driving the goats to pasture, tore off their tails (Polish, Ukrainian-Carpathian).

At the same time, the goat (the animal itself, parts of its body, meat, milk) acts as a talisman. A goat is kept in the barn, which is supposedly loved by the brownie (Russian, bonfire) or the devil (Ukrainian, Zhytomyr) and therefore does not harm the horses. A goat (especially a white one) is afraid of a brownie (Ukrainian) and a weasel (Polesie). According to Ukrainian belief, if there is a goat in the barn, she will not let the witch take milk from the cow. Shepherds kept a goat in a pasture for sheep, believing that the goat did not allow the enchanters to approach the flock (pol. Beskydy). From the death of livestock, a goat's head was nailed in the yard (with a fire.). According to Macedonian belief, a goat cannot be jinxed. If a cow was jinxed and it gives poor milk yield, it was necessary to get a goat and mix cow's milk with goat's, this averted the evil eye.

• Goats are well developed: hearing, vision, smell, taste, etc.

• Goats have very delicate tastes and are picky eaters.

• Goats do not like, and are even afraid of dampness.

• Goats can easily open the door with their muzzle or front legs (of course, if the door is not locked!).

• Goats grow beards just like goats.

• The goat has long ears, because of them the goat hears better.

• Goats can "hypnotize", make their eyes plaintive, look a person in the eye while begging for food.

• In Russia, 2/3 of the population has never tried goat milk.

• In the USA, the most expensive breeding goat of the Saanen breed cost $ 5,300 (1995)

• According to Greek myth, the goat Amalthea (Amalthea) nursed the helpless baby Zeus with her milk in a certain cave on the island of Crete.

• The goat is a symbol of fertility. Hence his connection with deities and other mythological characters personifying this quality - Lithuanian Perkunas, Slavic Perun, Scandinavian Thor, Indian Pushan, Greek Pan, Prussian Pushkaits. The chariots of these gods are harnessed by goats.

• One of the haggadic stories tells that a goat showed people the way to the Promised Land - they tied a rope to its tail and set off after it.

• DID YOU KNOW WHAT COFFEE WE SHOULD THANK THE GOATS FOR? EXACTLY GOATS FOUND THE COFFEE BEANS FROM WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY HUMANITY LEARNED TO BREW COFFEE.

• In France, goats were often harnessed earlier to small baby carriages. They were also used to perform garden work, it was noticed that castrated goats are much more diligent and stronger.

• Until now, in Scandinavia, a head of garlic is sometimes hung around the neck of goats to protect them from trolls.

• There are over three hundred different breeds of goats

• A group of goats is called a herd or tribe and is usually led by a female.

• Some breeds of goats can jump taller than they are.

• A goat tastes anything that reminds her of grass to decide if she will eat it.

• Goats do not have upper front teeth.

WHERE DID THE EXPRESSION "SCAPEGOAT" COME FROM?

According to the Hebrew rite, on the day of the absolution of sins, the high priest put his hands on the goat's head and thereby laid on him the sins of the whole people.

Then the goat was taken to the Judean desert and released. This is where the expression “scapegoat” comes from.

SOME NEW AND INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT GOATS.

Normal body temperature in goats is from 39.0 to 39.3-39.4.

Goats have a large and well-developed brain.

Goats (if treated well) are easy to train.

Goats are well developed: hearing, sight, smell, taste, etc.

When mistreated, the goat begins to show its temper.

Goats have a very delicate taste and are picky eaters.

Goats do not like and are even afraid of dampness.

Goats can easily open the door with their muzzle or front legs (of course, if the door is not locked!).

Goats, like goats, grow beards.

The goat has long ears - because of them, the goat hears better.

Goats can "hypnotize", make their eyes plaintive, look a person in the eye, begging for food.

In 1906, in Paris, at the World Congress of Children's Doctors, goat's milk was recognized as the best natural substitute for human milk.

Goats are kept in zoos all over the world to feed the babies left without mother's milk, since goat's milk is suitable for almost all mammals.

Goat milk contains immunoglobulins and has been used since ancient times to treat and prevent many diseases, even tuberculosis.

Goat's milk is absorbed by the body 5 times faster than cow's, it is successfully used by people suffering from flatulence and intolerant to cow's milk.

Goats practically do not suffer from tuberculosis.

2/3 of the population has never tried goat milk.

Milk from a dairy goat does not have a specific smell inherent in native goats, it tastes very good, cooled milk acquires a flavor of fresh hazelnuts.

Goat milk removes radionuclides from the body.

Goat milk successfully treats allergies.

In the USA, the most expensive breeding goat of an overseas breed cost $ 5,300 (1995)

Breeding kids in the US cost between $200 and $1,000, and an average dairy goat costs about $1,000.

According to Greek myth, the goat Amalthea (Amapthea) nursed the helpless baby Zeus with her milk in a certain cave on the island of Crete.

The goat is a symbol of fertility. Hence his connection with deities and other mythological characters personifying this quality - Lithuanian Perkunas, Slavic Perun, Scandinavian Thor, Indian Pushan, Greek Pan, Prussian Pushkaits. The chariots of these gods are harnessed by goats.

People began to use milk for 10 thousand years BC, when they tamed wild goats.

Goats are mentioned 200 times in the Bible.

One of the haggadic stories tells that a goat showed people the way to the Promised Land - they tied a rope to its tail and set off after it.

The record yield of goat milk in Australia per year is 3500 kg (Saanen breed), while in the Tver region this amount fluctuates around 2000 kg among cows.

Until now, in Scandinavia, a head of garlic is sometimes hung around the neck of goats to protect them from trolls.

Tobago is home to goat racing. Surprisingly, this is one of the most popular yet highly unusual sports on the island, where riders control goats with a three-meter leash and a whip. This strange sport has been taking place in Tobago since 1925, Bucco is the place to watch this incredible action.

Did you know that we have goats to thank for coffee? It was goats who found coffee beans, from which mankind subsequently learned to brew coffee.

In France, goats were often harnessed to small baby carriages. They were also used to perform garden work: it was noticed that castrated goats are much more diligent and stronger.

The goat has a very sensitive attitude to all atmospheric changes. In the mountains, everyone knows that a day or two before a storm, a goat's peace is disturbed, they begin to bleat loudly and often, they eat impetuously, and their milk yield is greatly reduced.

There are more than three hundred different breeds of goats.

A group of goats is called a herd or tribe and is usually led by a female.

Some breeds of goats can jump higher than their height.

Goats live about 8-12 years.

The goat tastes everything that reminds her of grass, so that later she can decide whether she will eat it.

» dated 2015. Bold indicates the winning player in a trio. The winner of the game has his final score. A total of 43 issues were published.

Issue 1 (1,244), January 2, 2015

Members:

Alena Volkova, Julius Yakubovsky(0 points), Svetlana Chuiko; Sergey Plotnikov, Ekaterina Krupskaya, Oleg Zhelkov; Alexander Lemeshev, Oksana Grigorenko, Victor Mazurenko;

• In the Tver province, the word "goat" was common. What did it mean? (7 letters)

• What according to Macedonian belief cannot be done with a goat? (8 letters)

• In Belarus, on the first day of Christmas, mummers walked around and took a “goat” with them - that was the name of a comrade dressed in a skin mask. At the same time, they asked the owners to give our “goat” a “sieve of oats, sausage on top, a sieve of buckwheat on ...” what? (8 letters)

• What word in Russian comes from Italian, which literally means "goat pose"? (6 letters)

• What is the name of one of the roles of a goat in a traveling fair circus? Vasily Peskov described this circus number. True, he saw it in India, but they say that once we had such a circus number, and even more so, such a goat is even described in the Guinness Book of Records, or such a number with a goat, on whose horns a monkey was sitting. (11 letters)

• The name of what literary genre comes from the naming of mythical creatures with a goat's beard and legs? (6 letters)

• The people said: "God created three evils - THIS, vodka and a goat." (4 letters)

Issue 2 (1,245), January 9, 2015

Members:

Natalia Grozovskaya (Las Vegas), Alexander Timofeev (Kolomna), Svetlana Efimova (village Ivanovka); Daria Cherkasova (Tula), Vasily Pestryak-Golovaty (Gatchina), Irina Novikova (Moscow)(2,550 points); Violetta Lyubina (Anievo), Oleg Fetkushov (Moscow), Inga Shennikova (Kislovodsk);

• The Russian Baba Yaga is known to fly on a broomstick or in a mortar. And what did the Hedgehog Baba fly with the Western Slavs? (6 letters)

• Which of his fairy-tale characters did the animator Leonid Shvartsman draw from his mother-in-law? (8 letters)

• Everyone remembers the picture of Vasnetsov "Alyonushka". It was first called " something Alyonushka. It is surprising that this word was once called an orphan. (7 letters)

• You probably remember Bazhov's tale "Two Lizards". The hero Andryukha of this tale gets into the bathhouse of the Mistress of the Copper Mountain and it is accurately described there that everything in this bathhouse is made of stone, except ... (5 letters)

Issue 3 (1,246), January 16, 2015

Members:

• In the old days in Russia, children were not given names before baptism, and if they were, they did not tell anyone, so the proverb was born among the people: “Before baptism, all the guys are ...” who? (6 letters)

• What worldly, that is, non-church, name did the parents give to their son, wishing him to grow up big, strong and strong? (7 letters)

• Emperor Paul I forbade the use of the word "snub-nosed" in conversations and letters, since he himself was snub-nosed. What nickname for pets did he also ban? (5 letters)

• They say that the Serb had to do something for the fourth time in his life to be baptized again and change his name. (8 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 4 (1,247), January 23, 2015

Members:

Andrey Khozyainov (village of Ust-Scima), Elena Pesetskaya (village of Yadrino), Galina Rybakova (Krasnoyarsk); Telman Aliev (village Khalameli), Elena Romanova (St. Petersburg), Elena Bakurova (Arkhangelsk); Alexey Pashin (Khimki), Victor Kanov (Moscow), Nadezhda Smolyanskaya (Kotovo)(2,750 points)

• Epiphany night and mass were the last dates for Christmas divination. What should have been done in the house for traditional baptismal divination? (9 letters)

• Epiphany night and mass were the last dates for Christmas divination. A typical baptismal divination of girls about the groom was walking for water. She had to be picked up at 12 o'clock in the night with buckets and try to bring her home without looking back. What else should have been done? (7 letters)

• What could not be done within 12 hours after baptism? (7 letters)

• How, on the day of baptism, after returning from the festive liturgy, did the hostess draw a cross over doors and windows to block the entrance of evil spirits? (7 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 5 (1,248), February 6, 2015

Members:

• What does the word "Seminar" mean in Latin? (9 letters)

• What quality of character in the 17th century was evidenced by the cuffs on the sleeves of a student's suit? (8 letters)

• What helped the warden to monitor students and determine which students were skipping lectures? (7 letters)

• What, according to the old days, since the opening of the first university in Russia, is still valid to this day, helping rectors to present to students on Tatyana's Day? (8 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 6 (1,249), February 13, 2015

Members:

Nadezhda Ryntseva (village of Sheksna), Sergey Milenko (village of Vasilchuki), Elena Tsvetaeva (Moscow); Immo Lesvisi (Rome), Vladimir Brilev (Novorossiysk)(1,800 points), Ekaterina Konstantinova (Gagarin); Nadezhda Korzina (Privolzhsk), Karina Kurnosova (Bryansk), Boris Muss (St. Petersburg);

• In the middle of the 18th century, a Parisian by the name of Boulanger founded an institution, on the sign of which he wrote in Latin: "Come to me all those suffering from the stomach and I will restore you." And what for the first time in the XVIII century he was going to restore all those suffering from the stomach? (6 letters)

• What was first used in 1910 in the St. Petersburg restaurant "Novoyaroslavets"? (7 letters)

• What service could be found out for the presence in an old Russian tavern if there was a pole with a bundle of straw tied to it near it? (6 letters)

• In the Olgino district near St. Petersburg, once upon a time, a restaurant was always popular among summer residents, where visitors were served only his. What? (6 letters)

Issue 7 (1,250), February 20, 2015

Members:

Tatyana Kuznetsova (v. Mundybash), Andrey Kravtsov (Sochi), Olga Kovaleva (Vladimir); Sevada Malkhasyan (Pereslavl-Zalessky), Natalya Dmitryuk (Kolchugino), Vakha Musaev (Grozny); Vera Rodionova (Balakovo), Viktor Dmitriev (Pudomyagi), Ekaterina Barinova (village of Ryabinki)(4,700 points);

• What was the original meaning of the word "slave" in Russian, after which he was called "forced worker"? Generally This- a related word "child" or "timid". (6 letters)

• The merchant brotherhood in the times of the Novgorod Republic was called "Ivanovskoe hundred", in order to join it, the merchant had to pay a large sum of 50 hryvnias. What was the name of the merchant who did this? (6 letters)

• What was the name of the collection of acts on noble families, that is, genealogical books? (7 letters)

• By decree of Peter I in the 18th century, the following punishment was introduced for a nobleman for a major deed. This punishment consisted in the fact that a sword was wound over his head and deprived of the nobility, after which he was called that way. How? (6 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 8 (1,251), February 27, 2015

Members:

Ruslan Zulkarnaev (Baymak), Olga Khazieva (Mozhaisk), Nadezhda Melnik (Nikolaev); Olesya Pronina (Kaluga region), Vitaly Sedov (village Krakovo), Andrey Matusevich (Volsk); Roman Bulyzhnikov (village of Romanovka)(500 points), Natalya Verova (Penza), Alexander Yuryev (farm. Dubovoy);

• What word was borrowed from the Polish language, in which it means "hire wagon, cabman." It is consonant with the phrase "Shake when driving." What word is this? (9 letters)

• What, according to the rules of etiquette in the 19th century, was recommended to keep in the teeth of girls at the entrance to the tunnel of the underground railway, so that someone would not kiss her using the darkness? (7 letters)

• Where was the workplace of the omnibus conductor? (8 letters)

• Honoré de Balzac wrote about stagecoaches: “The English are afraid to lose their dignity and therefore do not open their mouths; the Germans are sad on the road, the Italians are too cautious, the Spaniards have completely withdrawn stagecoaches, the Russians do not ... ". What? (6 letters)

• What was the name of the passengers on the top floor of the race, where a seat cost 3 kopecks? (11 letters)

• Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev recalled that the conductor in the St. Petersburg tram from time to time shouted out: “Yellow - ... station!”, “Green - ... station!” or "Red - ... station!". What was red, yellow and green? (5 letters)

• What was heard on the metro platform in 1935 before the start of the train movement instead of the modern familiar station announcement “Beware, the doors are closing!”? (5 letters)

The participant guessed the horizontal and the first vertical word, but did not guess the second vertical word.

Issue 9 (1,252), March 6, 2015

Members:

Dawn Musatov, Valentina Drogina, Olesya Kovalenko; Marina Kosheleva, Nadezhda Savelyeva(2,900 points), Nadezhda Maslova; Svetlana Titova, Irina Krivulya, Natalia Zabelina;

• Among the Cossacks, two days before the wedding, the parents of the bride had to present a dowry, this was celebrated as a holiday. What was his name? (7 letters)

• At Christmas time at midnight, girls approached the open doors of the bathhouse and pulled up their skirts. It was necessary to put your skirt up in the bathhouse into the open cold door of the bathhouse, and then it’s simple: if the bathhouse spirit - the bathhousekeeper - touches with a shaggy hand, then she will have a rich groom, if naked, she will be poor, and if wet, then the groom will be who? (7 letters)

• What was necessarily included in the bride's dowry in any village, in any village, in any cities? (7 letters)

• What was the name of the whip that the groom put in his boot on the wedding day as a symbol of marital power? (6 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 10 (1,253), March 20, 2015

Members:

• What are the Bedouins trying to do to reduce the evaporation of water from the body in the desert? (7 letters)

• A mirage in the desert is a dangerous phenomenon. Once, 60 people and 90 camels died in the desert, following the mirage 60 kilometers towards the well. What in ancient times helped travelers to make sure whether a mirage was in front of them or not? (6 letters)

• One species of beetle lives only in the Namib desert, in the morning it climbs high dunes and waits. What? (5 letters)

• What did the desert inhabitants, the Bedouins, consider it immoral to sell, considering this drink the drink of life? (6 letters)

• The hot, suffocating Sahara wind usually blows after the spring equinox. The Arabs call this wind Khamsin, this is a very unpleasant phenomenon, immediately the heat rises to incredible proportions. What does this word mean in translation? (9 letters)

• What do the Arabs call the great master of the desert? (5 letters)

• What have the agricultural peoples of Western Sudan, the desert dwellers, the Tuareg, supplied and are still supplying? (4 letters)

The participant guessed the horizontal and the first vertical word, but did not guess the second vertical word.

Issue 11 (1,254), March 27, 2015

Members:

Olga Timofeeva-Obolenskaya (Cheboksary), Sergey Ryabov (Samara), Emmanuel Shtuko (Tver); Natalia Churaeva (Moscow)(7 750 points), Alexander Logvin (settlement Druzhba), Yulia Solntseva (Magnitogorsk); Inna Morozova (Strunino), Andrey Nosov (Shakhty), Lyudmila Sukhomlinova (settlement Gribansky);

• For the image of what, according to Vladimir Ivanovich Gilyarovsky, the make-up artists used a wet bull bladder? (6 letters)

• Under Peter I, the first public theater was built on Red Square, when it was called "Theatrical Mansion", and in it the theater, and the hara, and benches, and doors and windows. What was strictly forbidden in this "theatrical mansion"? (7 letters)

• In the 17th century, “funny drinking songs” became widespread in France, which were called the songs of the “Vir Valley”. What theatrical genre was born literally free songs? (7 letters)

• How in Germany, and later in Russia in the 18th century, was the acting association called, or otherwise the troupe? (5 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 12 (1,255), April 3, 2015

Members:

• What event took place for the first time in Antarctica on January 29, 2007? (8 letters)

• The Chukchi said that your place in heaven depends on how you feel about this in this life. What is the conversation about? (6 letters)

• The peoples of the Far North cannot imagine life without deer, they say, if a deer leaves a person, what goes with the deer? (7 letters)

• Svalbard winterers returning to their native land have a tradition. What do they throw into the water on board the ship, sailing away from the coast in order to someday return to Svalbard? (5 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 13 (1,256), April 10, 2015

Members:

Svetlana Mikheeva (Zheleznodorozhny), Sergey Tregubov (settlement Glebychevo)(4,000 points), Lyudmila Kurilina (Smirnovka village); Vladislav Golubenkov (Tula), Adam Saidov (Grozny), Svetlana Virvichas (Strunino); Marina Snimshchikova (Protvino), Veronika Ilinykh (Kirov), Lyudmila Domnina (village Shilovo);

• In the old days, there was an idea among the people that what is needed for daily food ... What needs to be done? (10 letters)

• According to the daily routine, the pirates free from the watch descended into the hold and pretended to be sleeping for hours. What did they each hold in their mouths? (6 letters)

• At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Emperor Paul I established a curfew in St. Petersburg. No one was allowed to appear on the street after 9 pm, no one except doctors and...? (8 letters)

• There was a saying in Russia: “I will get up early in the morning, I will go to the big nose and clay head.” What were you heading for early, getting out of bed? (5 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 14 (1,257), April 17, 2015

Members:

Evgeny Mikhailovsky (Zheleznodorozhny), Sergey Gerasimov (Syktyvkar)(1,400 points), Lyudmila Semyonova (village of Shemursha); Oleg Kolosov (Gelendzhik), Svetlana Dashevskaya (Kolchugino), Larisa Terentyeva (Syktyvkar); Mikhail Domnin (village Shilovo), Olesya Shegulkova (Uryupinsk), Olga Semenova (Tikhoretsk);

• What word used to mean "to sing like a nightingale"? Here the nightingale begins to sing, how else did the people say? What does he start doing? (8 letters)

• The people said: "The nightingale is a small bird, but the forest will scream ...". What should the forest do when the nightingale sings? (7 letters)

• What musical instrument in France at the end of the 17th century was originally used to train songbirds? (8 letters)

• What, according to the memoirs of the Russian writer Ivan Shmelev, should be done with nightingales so that they sing? (6 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 15 (1,258), April 24, 2015

Members:

Diana Khodokovskaya (Korosten), Yuri Alekseev (Kamyshovka), Svyatoslav Shershukov (Klin)(1,950 points); Viktor Lukashov (Yeisk), Galina Yasnaya (St. Petersburg), Anna Peushkina (Nizhny Novgorod); Alibek Askhabov (Khasavyurt), Nina Bogatykh (Voronezh), Dmitry Pryanov (Troitsk);

• In 1672, the Sicilian Francesco Procopio opened the first Parisian coffee house, in addition to coffee, this coffee house served another novelty. What? (9 letters)

• What was coffee with rum or vodka used to be called? Quote Vashchenko-Zakharchenko "Memoirs about uncles and aunts" was called. There was even such a word: "... the time came for dinner, after dinner there were jams, poppy seeds, nuts, coffee with pretzels and crackers, while uncle was doing something." (7 letters)

• The word “Kahve”, from which the word “coffee” comes, was called by the Arabs coffee, wine, and something else. (6 letters)

• In the 18th century in Prussia, coffee began to compete with beer. Income from which significantly replenished the state treasury, then Frederick the Great banned the import of coffee beans and hired special people, they were supposed to. What to do? (6 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 16 (1,259), April 30, 2015

Members:

Alexander Karpich (v. Novaya Usman), Vladimir Orlov (v. Izhma)(1400 points), Inna Shumilina (St. Petersburg); Dmitry Lysenko (settlement of Bogorodskoye), Ekaterina Khamukova (Biysk), Abraham Troyan (Braila); Nikolai Kostrikov (st. Kumylzhenskaya), Viktor Ziegeman (Simmern), Natalia Seredina (Volgograd);

• In what in the villages in ancient times did they put unripe tomatoes in the garden to ripen? (7 letters)

• What did the peasant women plant in the garden, dressed in torn clothes and tightly removing their hair? (7 letters)

• What in Russia was adapted to a pole to make a garden scarecrow? There is such a quote: “... and a shrewd woman will pick it up on a stick and put it in the garden, and start This frighten sparrows, and they fly apart. What are we talking about? (6 letters)

• One of the types of summer agricultural work is the application of fertilizer, but what was one of the best fertilizers called in the old days? (6 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 17 (1,260), May 8, 2015

Members:

Anton Ivanyuk (Kuznetsk), Alexander Stukalin (Kaliningrad), Evgeny Agafonov (Ryazan); Evgeny Kalinin (Bryansk), Nikita Rud (St. Petersburg), Ilya Altman (Moscow); Dmitry Gabelko (Voronezh)(9,000 points), Andrey Erkov (Serpukhov), Rubin Rodin (Moscow);

• What innovation appeared at the parade on May 1, 1925 in Moscow? (8 letters)

• The culmination of the parade on June 24, 1945 was the march of 200 standard bearers, throwing German banners on a special platform at the foot of the Mausoleum. What element of the uniform of the standard bearers was burned after the parade? (8 letters)

• What did the officers of the time of Paul I take with them when they went to the daily morning divorce or parade? (7 letters)

• What attribute was initially used by the hussars constantly, and then only at parades and parades? (6 letters)

• The Budyonovka headdress, however, under a different name, was developed during the First World War for the parade of winners in Berlin, scheduled for the summer of 1917. As you know, the author of this model was the artist Viktor Vasnetsov, the soldiers at the parade were supposed to portray Russian knights. What was the name of Budyonovka? (9 letters)

• What weapon was used at the parade on November 7, 1941 in Moscow by the cavalry, as a parade? In general, this weapon was in service with the Red Army until 1935. (4 letters)

• The Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment had two privileges in parades: to march with guns at the ready and to carry shot through ... What? (6 letters)

The participant guessed all three words and won the car.

Issue 18 (1,261), May 15, 2015

Members:

Svetlana Kaurova (Strunino), Irina Fedotova (Veliky Novgorod), Ilya Abarenov (settlement Zaprudny); Evgeny Tsepelov (Moscow), Nina Pervukhina (Shuvalovo settlement), Olesya Gumbin (Ukhta); Nadezhda Churaeva (settlement of Borodinsky), Sergey Sorros (St. Petersburg), Valentina Ivanova (Moscow)(350 points);

• What was a twin brother called in the old days? (8 letters)

• What did the word "son-in-law" originally mean? (8 letters)

• As they used to call the daughter's husband, that is, the son-in-law living with her parents, that is, the person who married the daughter, but remained to live in the house of his wife's parents. What was it called before? (6 letters)

• A plate with what in some provinces did the mother-in-law put on the table, as a sign of special attention and disposition to the son-in-law? (6 letters)

• St. Gregory the Theologian said: “The first marriage is a law, the second is for the sake of forgiveness of human weakness, the third is a transgression, and the fourth is ...”? (9 letters)

• So the people called my aunt, the wife of my uncle. What was her name? (5 letters)

• There is such a proverb: "One child is a disguised daughter, the other is narrowed." Who, according to popular belief, is the betrothed of a child? (4 letters)

Issue 19 (1,262), May 22, 2015

Members:

• What is the name of one of the varieties of top, common in Russia? (6 letters)

• What was the name of the toy in the old days, especially in the central provinces of Russia? (7 letters)

• Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl has such a designation of a children's toy, so Vladimir Ivanovich apparently designated it himself, of course he didn’t invent it, but he heard and wrote down somewhere: “Carrot” or “Turnip gun”, “Feather” or “Tube with a piston”, which claps, shoots repin or potato cork. What did the kids call it? (7 letters)

• What was the first military toy for the royal children? (7 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 20 (1,263), 29 May 2015

Members:

• The ancient rituals associated with the birch, having become a joyful holiday, have come down to our century. Eggs, pies, and especially a loaf decorated with greenery were brought to Semik (Thursday before Trinity) always and everywhere. Part of the food was eaten by breaking the branches on the birch, and part was left on the trees. In Novgorod-Seversky, for example: they left bread and lard. What was left under the birch in Pereslavl-Zalessky? (8 letters)

• What was birch sometimes compared to in Russian folklore? The quote is as follows: “There is a tree, it is blooming green, there are 4 lands in this tree: the first one is for sick people, the second one is for people This, the third - light from the darkness, a birch torch, the fourth - decrepit swaddling, old cracked pots were usually fastened with birch bark. What is the second - to people ... What? (7 letters)

• In the old days, in order to get rid of a toothache, it was recommended to smear rags on birch tar, circle the cheek 12 times and throw a rag. To whom? (5 letters)

• Whose daughter, according to Polissya beliefs, is a birch? (4 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 21 (1,264), June 5, 2015

Members:

• What element of the urban structure, which first appeared in 1782 in Paris, originally had exclusively sanitary and hygienic significance? (7 letters)

• What hygienic and cosmetic procedure was born several thousand years ago due to the tradition of hand-to-hand combat? (6 letters)

• At the beginning of the 10th century, Russia concluded an agreement on a trade union with Byzantium, there was a separate requirement to provide Russian merchants with not only food, drink and lodging, but also ... and as much as you like. (4 letters)

• In the 19th century, a young girl had to take care of the frequency, whiteness and satininess of her hands. They wrapped their hands in fresh veal and dipped them into what? (6 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 22 (1,265), June 11, 2015

Members:

Natalia Nikitina (Syktyvkar), Valery Seredenko (Ramenskoye), Tamara Mateeva (Kolchugino); Denis Simukov (Podporozhye), Margarita Vartanyan (Krasnodar), Viktor Mikoshina (village Oak Grove); Yuri Agafonov (Orekhovo-Zuevo), Lyubov Zhelonkina (Irkutsk)(5,550 points), Alexey Bryndin (St. Petersburg);

• Money was brought and thrown directly to the springs and springs dedicated to Saint Paraskeva, in addition, objects and even towels, sometimes they brought yarn and sheep's wool and at the same time shouted like this: “Pleasure - on stockings! Mother Fridays for…” For what? (8 letters)

• In Russia, springs caused by a fall were considered especially sacred. What? (7 letters)

• Katnaghpyurs in Armenian mythology are the legendary life-giving holy springs. Such glaciers have a miraculous property - they increase the amount of ... What? (6 letters)

• When a source was found in the old days, they first of all cleaned it of litter. And what was hung next to him on a tree? (5 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 23 (1,266), June 19, 2015

Members:

• What kind of cooper's utensils with a long spout in the old days was there a riddle "There is a big-nosed guest in our house"? (8 letters)

• Since ancient times, tubs, barrels and other cooperage products have been used as measures. What was the name for a measure of milk bread in half a tub in Russia? (8 letters)

• The barrel can be put, put, you can roll. And what cooperage product cannot be put? It can be in a standing position, for which it was called a stand-up vessel. (5 letters)

• According to scientists, the first barrels appeared in Mesopotamia almost 4,000 years ago. And what were they intended for? (5 letters)

• What was the name of the three-legged tub under the washstand according to Dahl? (9 letters)

• The main measure of volume in Russia was a caddy or a barrel, sometimes the top of the caddy was covered with a metal hoop so that it could not be cut, that is, cut off the top and release it for the same fee less grain. What was the name of such a cad? (4 letters)

• How else was the master cooper called in Russia? (5 letters)

Issue 24 (1,267), June 26, 2015

Members:

• What did passengers on board in the 19th century have to present when boarding a steamship, besides tickets, especially on transatlantic flights? (8 letters)

• What distinguishes the Odessa binduzhnik from other port loaders? (6 letters)

• What did the sailor have the right to put on after that, as he rounded the Cape of Good Hope? Thanks to this, in all port taverns, he had the right to one free mug of alcohol, as well as to put his feet on the table with impunity. (6 letters)

• What word, what concept arose as a result of the custom that existed in Italy in the 14th century - to detain ships that came from countries where there was a plague on the road for 40 days? (8 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 25 (1,268), July 31, 2015

Members:

• What is the name of the festive delicacy, common in Russia, which, in particular, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sent as a gift to his bride Natalya Naryshkina? (8 letters)

• In the second half of the 19th century, 2,000 people attended big balls in the Winter Palace. What was the name of the official invitation to the palace to participate in ceremonies? (8 letters)

• At the beginning of the 19th century in Russia there was a custom to invite guests to some kind of central dish. What dish did Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin invite guests to? (8 letters)

• How in the old days did they pay respect to the owner of the house during meals? (8 letters)

There was no super game.

Issue 26 (1,269), September 4, 2015

Members:

Galina Polyakova (Kovrov), Andrey Grazhdankin (Moscow), Innaria Supkhankulova (Troops); Irina Vager (village Tevriz), Igor Kravtsov (Uralsk), Zinaida Kurach (Ramenskoye); Vera Kurbakova (village Red Weavers), Vasily Kasyanov (Arkhangelsk)(6,100 points), Marina Nautran (St. Petersburg);

• Buckwheat has always been considered the most revered of the cereals. Buckwheat has always enjoyed special respect among the Russian people. What was the name of the Russians? (7 letters)

• For porridge, not only grain in the form of cereals is suitable, but also flour. Previously, milk or butter was added, and porridge was obtained. How did the people call this porridge? (8 letters)

• What was the name of the liquid porridge to the main grain, to which peas were added? (8 letters)

• In Russia, porridge has always been the most frequently hot food in the army, especially in field conditions. The soldiers themselves gave specific names to some cereals. What was the name of barley porridge in a soldier's environment? (8 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 27 (1,270), September 11, 2015

Members:

Yuri Martirosov (Moscow), Olga Kharitonova (Strunino), Sogdiana Pyasetskaya (pos. Povarovo)(2,300 points); Anatoly Topyrkin (Mozhga), Anastasia Kovalenko (Schelkovo), Ruben Poteev (St. Petersburg); Nina Pashekhontseva (Moscow), Vera Sukhova (village of Putyatino), Marina Chilova (city of Nartkala);

• What do metallurgists get in some countries for harmfulness instead of milk? (8 letters)

• In one ancient Indian treatise it was said: "The property of gold is attributed to improve eyesight, from bronze - to promote the development of the mind, from iron - to treat jaundice." And what does silverware treat? (6 letters)

• One of the most important, according to alchemists, the process for obtaining gold was the combination of sulfur and mercury. Yellow sulfur carried with it color and hardness, and silvery mercury - metallic luster and heaviness. What did they call the process of combining sulfur and mercury? (7 letters)

• What semimetal of the 17th century is included in the diet of the inhabitants of the Austrian province of Styria? (6 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 28 (1,271), September 18, 2015

Members:

Oleg Moteev (Balashikha), Natalia Torohova (Strunino), Alexandra Wait (Chelyabinsk); Igor Kostrovin (Labytnangi), Arina Rostovskaya (St. Petersburg), Nikolai Kabichkin (Yangier); Pavel Seredenko (Ramenskoye), Tatyana Kosheleva (Sochi)(2 350 points), Kirim Krymov (village of Brykovye Gory);

• What was the name of the newly emerged rural settlements in Russia until the 20th century? (7 letters)

• What was the name of a village, a large settlement or a farm in the old days? (8 letters)

• In the 15th century, artisans from Novgorod were invited to Moscow, who named the place where they settled in honor of their native street in Novgorod. What was the name of this place and is it still called? (7 letters)

• How did the Western and Southern Slavs call a village, a village, a kuren? (4 letters)

• What was the name of the suburb, the suburb, that which is covered by the outer ring of the city walls in Russia? (7 letters)

• What was the name of the German settlement in Moscow where foreigners lived? According to one version, the word comes from the name of the place for games in honor of Kupala, which were arranged and loved by Russians and foreigners. (5 letters)

• So, according to Vladimir Dal, a village, a village, a village is called in the Novgorod province. (4 letters)

The participant guessed the horizontal word, but the other two could not.

Issue 29 (1,272), September 25, 2015

Members:

Elmira Gultyaeva (St. Petersburg), Pavel Kozlov (Moscow), Sergey Egorov (Alexandrov); Tamara Kabzar (Evpatoria), Irina Maksimova (Suzdal), Sergey Isaev (Bogoroditsk)(1,850 points); Oleg Komarov (Domodedovo), Artur Zapunyan (settlement of Dagomys), Ilona Dilbaryan (Moscow);

• What was the name of the shirt-front that the Russians put on their shirts on big holidays? (8 letters)

• Dahl wrote that at the wedding, brides braided a braid into two, wrapped it around their heads and put on a kokoshnik. What was the name of the girl who married without her parents' permission? (10 letters)

• What fashion shoes, which came to the village from the city at the end of the 19th century, were worn by young women and boys, dandies from wealthy families in any weather and only on major holidays? What are you talking about? (6 letters)

• What shoes did Empress Anna Ioannovna allow court ladies to wear with their formal dress? (7 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 30 (1,273), October 2, 2015

Members:

• The main snack for vodka is pickled cucumber, pickled mushroom, sauerkraut. What meat product is traditionally marinated with beer in the Czech Republic? (9 letters)

• What was used to open the first tin cans? An 1824 veal roast can had the following inscription: “Open with something, cutting through the top lid along the perimeter.” (6 letters)

• In Russia, canned food did not take root well, the food was unusual, the first factory for the production of canned food was set up only in 1870. Where were tests of a new product - canned food? (6 letters)

• Russia has long been famous for salted mushrooms and they were served to the royal table and exported to Europe. What salted and preserved valuable and famous mushrooms? (7 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 31 (1,274), October 9, 2015

Members:

Timofey Likhanov (Angarsk), Ksenia Goryacheva (village Vereika), Artak Vesrapyan (Sochi); Igor Latyshko (St. Petersburg)(3,000 points), Irina Alyoshkina (Moscow), Valentin Sarksyan (Vanadzor); Oleg Kharitonov (Verkhnyaya Pyshma), Nadezhda Molchanova (Veliky Novgorod), Denis Ustyuzhanin (Balashikha);

• What was the name of the St. Petersburg Sytny Market before because they sold hot food there in taverns, from stalls and in delivery? (7 letters)

• What was the name of the official in Ancient Athens who watched over the fact that sellers in the markets used only the scales and measures established by law? (8 letters)

• In the 16th-18th centuries, one could meet fortune-tellers at fairgrounds and marketplaces who predicted a happy marriage, unexpected wealth, a quick inheritance and other happy and incredible events in life. What were they guessing at? (6 letters)

• What appeared for the first time in Russia at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in the middle of the 19th century? (6 letters)

• Sometimes bazaars were timed to coincide with holidays, for example: a Christmas fair - for Christmas, a willow fair - for Palm Sunday. What was the name of the fair that opened on the third week before Lent? (8 letters)

• What prices were set for at the bazaars and fairs on the holiday of St. Nicholas the Winter (December 19, according to a new style)? (4 letters)

• What was the name in the bazaars of a wooden stick with notches about 50 cm long and about 4 cm in diameter, on which goods sold on credit were taken into account? (3 letters)

The participant did not guess the horizontal and two vertical words.

Issue 32 (1,275), October 16, 2015

Members:

Nadezhda Agafonova (Bogoroditsk), Elena Lysenko (Tikhoretsk)(1,300 points), Pavel Ukhanov (Lyubertsy); Elena Polskaya (Moscow), Lyudmila Plyusnina (Syktyvkar), Vladislav Ermoshin (Astrakhan); Alexandra Fox (St. Petersburg), Viktor Parakhnyan (Syktyvkar), Mikhail Kochereshko (Podstyopki village);

• What was the name of a pair of oxen or horses harnessed to one team in the old days? (7 letters)

• As we know, there is a quiet, kind spirit in the house, who was called Dymova. Dymovoi answered, as it were, for a person. Who in the house was responsible for the cattle? (8 letters)

• Having won the victory, the ancient Roman commander entered the city and sacrificed a bull. What was the name of the celebration in Rome when a sheep was sacrificed? (6 letters)

• For the Annunciation, salt was burned in the oven. With this salt, which was considered healing, they baked small buns intended for the treatment of livestock. What was the name of this bun? (5 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 33 (1,276), October 23, 2015

Members:

Clara Kozhneva (Balakovo), Nadezhda Andreeva (Novocheboksarsk)(800 points), Daniil Muzhinsky (Kasimov); Taisiya Pavenskaya (St. Petersburg), Maria Konovalova (Tula), Sergey Kanushkin (Lyubertsy); Felix Shilutsky (New York), Julia Korochkina (Serpukhov), Igor Kryukov (Yaroslavl);

• What word comes from the name of the ancient Roman courtyard, built in honor of the goddess-keeper of the hearth and the entrance to the dwelling? (9 letters)

• The floor of the hut was considered a dangerous and gloomy place. What have peasants never put on the floor? (8 letters)

• Next to the bedroom in a Russian house there was always a room where women combed their hair and tidied up. What was the name of this room? (7 letters)

• What decorative element of the hut served to protect against evil spirits, the evil eye and other troubles? (8 letters)

• What was the name of a small depression in the corner of the furnace, where they put a burning splinter and pitch? (7 letters)

• In the old days, the bed was placed with the headboard against the wall. In the direction of what foot? (4 letters)

• European borrowings. What was the name of the floor in Russia? (5 letters)

The participant guessed the horizontal word, but the other two could not.

Issue 34 (1,277), October 30, 2015

Members:

Fazyl Shiapov (Zainsk), Elza Kasimova (Kumertau), Nikolay Peresadin (Lugansk); Matvey Krivolapov (settlement of Chashnikovo), Tatyana Zhuchkova (Tula), Evgeny Sarychkin (Orda village); Mikhail Alubaev (Konstantinovsk), Maria Zaporozhskaya (v. Osokino)(900 points), Yuri Kornoukhov (village Kulakovo);

• With what help were the signs carved on the cuneiform tablets of Basil and Babylon? (8 letters)

• What is the name in banking of a person permanently residing in the territory of the state for more than half of the past year, that is, 183 days or more? (8 letters)

• What is the name of the macaque monkey that lives in Southeast Asia and India? (5 letters)

• What is a joke called to fool, put a person in an awkward position? (8 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 35 (1,278), November 6, 2015

Members:

Oleg Vostroknutov (Mirny), Tatyana Chernykh (Mikhnevo), Irina Pinaevskaya (Verkhovazhye) (no winner); Saltanat Ismagulova (Uralsk)(8,900 points), Mikhail Bykov (Vologda), Alexander Khokhlov (Komi Republic); Larisa Nikitina (Moscow), Natalya Kazakova (village Khlopovo), Stanislav Tatarnikov (village Kraskovo);

• What did ancient Chinese etiquette prescribe to chew before addressing the emperor? (8 letters)

• What at that time, exclusively female headdress should be worn by married ladies at the ball? (5 letters)

• The only dish that in Russia was allowed to be eaten on the street was considered bad form is ... What? (5 letters)

• What item of clothing for women of the XVIII-XIX centuries. was it indecent to wear, even if it was not visible? (9 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 36 (1,279), November 13, 2015

Members:

Alexey Eremchuk (Kemerovo), Viktor Baum (Bremen), Julia Chernyaeva (Strunino)(7,000 points); Victoria Sarmina (St. Petersburg), Sergey Prishchepa (village Mikhailovka), Albina Askarova (village Panaevsk); Alexander Simonov (Ryazan), Rosalia Koval (village of Synkovo), Boris Ivanova (city of Istra);

• In Russian dance, there were several tricks: step, crackers, knees, fraction. What else? (8 letters)

• What was an orchestra conducted before the eminent German composer Carl Weber began using the baton in the early 19th century? (6 letters)

• One of the oldest musical instruments in Russia. The first mention, which occurs in 1096. (7 letters)

• From what, according to Gogol, were balalaikas made in the south of Russia? (5 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 37 (1,280), November 20, 2015

Members:

Lyubov Bukhova (Ryazan), Lyubov Belyaeva (Pechora), Eduard Shipov (Aleksandrov)(9,000 points); Arsu Kerimova (settlement of Severoonezhsk), Alexander Skvortsov (Kolchugino), Artyom Avakimov (Krasnodar); Zinaida Shudrik (local Svoboda), Tatiana Shabrova (Moscow), Vladimir Tykunov (village Bogolyubovo) (no winner);

• What was the name of the reserved, impenetrable forest in the old days? They say that, according to one version, it is this word that the name of one city near Moscow, Zaraysk, comes from, and this word is found in literature. (6 letters)

• What was the name of the forest with twisted trees in Mother Russia? They say that such a forest, for example, was now on the Curonian dew. (6 letters)

• How in the old days, which is found in the dictionary of Vladimir Dahl, was called a forest krivulina, a thick rhizome, a club? (5 letters)

• What were impassable places called in the Smolensk region? It rarely happens, but This plural word. (4 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 38 (1,281), November 27, 2015

Members:

Asya Shilova (Tomsk), Alexey Toropov (village of Ust-Tsilma), Zareta Davletukaeva (Grozny); Alexander Anokelov (Bataysk)(4,550 points), Anastasia Babintseva (St. Petersburg), Vasily Simonov (Alexandrov); Maria Berezina (v. Turdaki), Denis Kurbakov (settlement Kubinka), Yuri Matvienko (village Beautiful fairy tale);

• What word, in the old days, denoted a person of interest to a hunter, going somewhere? (6 letters)

• What was the name of the bear trap used by the Trans-Baikal hunters? (7 letters)

• What is the name of the trap used in Siberia and the Far East in animal trades? (6 letters)

• An Eskimo hunter once told a writer, an outstanding ethnographer, a specialist in the north, Vladimir Bogoraz, this is what he said: “Do you think that we don’t kill seals and walruses and almost happened!” Who? (7 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 39 (1,282), December 4, 2015

Members:

Galina Chernyakova (Torzhok), Alexander Klitschko (Omsk), Natalia Zhuravleva (Zhukovsky); Nikolay Sgerya (village Yuzhnoe)(2,200 points), Galina Bemmakh (Vetlyanka village), Natalya Palkina (Zhukovka); Alexander Yashchenko (Moscow), Lyudmila Yeresko (Krasnodar), Svetlana Kamyshova (Yaroslavl);

• How did rivermen call pusher tugs in jargon? In earlier times, for some reason, there were amazing names assigned to these tugs, it was from this that the name came. (8 letters)

• What invention of the ancient Egyptians allowed them to increase the speed of boats? (8 letters)

• What was the name of the crew quarters on Novgorod ships in the 12th-15th centuries? (6 letters)

• What word in Russian comes from the name of the canoes, which the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks once made robbery raids? (5 letters)

The participant refused the super game.

Issue 40 (1,283), December 11, 2015

Members:

Ksenia Dobolatova (Lyubertsy), Galina Kutas (Minsk), Evgeny Kotikov (village of Ratovo); Irina Mikhailovskaya (Kaliningrad), Vladimir Tarubarov (Moscow), Tatyana Zavushchak (Pyt-Yakh)(3,150 points); Olga Shutenko (Gatchina), Roman Holofyan (Moscow), Victor Litao (Ludinghausen);

• According to the myths of ancient Greece, Apollo often spent time on this mountain, it was also the seat of the nine muses. What mountain are you talking about? (6 letters)

• On the western edge of the Bely Iyus river valley, not far from the capital of Khakassia, the city of Abakan, there is a mountain range, this place has several names: “Mountains of Happiness”, “Mountains of Khokho-Babai”. The last name comes from the name of the hero Khokho-Babai who guarded the valley. The ridge received another name from the northernmost mountain on top, which is a rock in the form of a cube and this shape is very similar to ... What? (6 letters)

• Allegedly, the spirit of black lives in the gorges of impenetrable mountains ... Whom? The spirit not only intimidates, but is said to be able to cut the rope. This is a legend. What is this about? (9 letters)

• In the Alps there is a small town called Serfaus, the small town is famous not only for its magnificent ski resort, but also for something else. What is this about? (5 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

Issue 41 (1,284), December 18, 2015

Members:

Elena Shcherbakova (Engels), Denis Smirnov (Veliky Novgorod), Lyudmila Gurpalova (Moscow); Oleg Dmitrenyuk (Kostroma), Snezhana Zakharova (Tyumen), Ekaterina Pishchulina (Odintsovo); Andrey Rudenok (Dedovsk), Iraida Makshanova (Pavlovsky Posad)(800 points), Tatyana Abrosimova (Volgodonsk);

• In Finland, in the old days, brides had to assemble their own dowry. To do this, they went into every house and asked for something to give. What did the bride have the right to throw into the cauldron of porridge if the hosts were greedy? (6 letters)

• The peoples of the island of Borneo revere a very unusual wedding tradition, so it has been for many, many years in a row, tradition says that the newlyweds do not have the right to visit for the first three days after the wedding. What? (6 letters)

• On the bride, not only the groom's relatives could refuse the bride, the bride's relatives could also refuse the groom. Where would the bride have to go in this case? (5 letters)

• In Ukraine, the following custom was once adopted: a pumpkin, a pumpkin, was taken out to a completely opposite groom. Why are the matchmakers dissatisfied with closing the door so that the girl never gets married, and never? (5 letters)

• Vasily Pukirev's painting "Unequal Marriage" was painted in 1862 if Pukirev was French. What would he call this painting? (9 letters)

• In Nigeria, if a girl doesn’t gain weight properly before the wedding, she will be returned to her parents’ house, and no matter how hard it is for her, the beginning of family life for her necessarily symbolizes jumping over ... What? (5 letters)

• In Russia, at the very height of the bachelor party, pedlars, that is, the bride's friends and her relatives, came and brought a dowry. That the groom passed with them to his bride? (5 letters)

The participant did not guess the horizontal and two vertical words.

Issue 42 (1,285), December 25, 2015

Members:

Natalia Bespalova (village Shakhovskaya), Alexander Kurdyumov (Moscow), Ekaterina Nuzhdova (Nikolsk); Yuri Kuchin (Yaroslavl), Zinaida Baratova (Pyatigorsk), Vladimir Oparin (Perm)(3,200 points); Olga Shmalenyuk (Shatura), Nikolai Chuev (Moscow), Valentina Storozhevykh (St. Petersburg);

• At the end of the 19th century, James Wide worked on the railway tracks of the port of Cape Town, he once lost both legs in an accident. He bought a baboon from the market, which he trained to carry on a cart between the hut and the signal box, and also helped him with his work. Whose duties has this baboon learned to perform? (10 letters)

• According to a legend in Thailand, once upon a time, an army of monkeys helped the god Rami cope with the onslaught of enemies, so every year the people of Thailand thank their monkeys. What form does gratitude take? What are they doing in honor of the monkeys? (6 letters)

• Several centuries ago, the Nama people living in Africa attracted especially gifted baboons to work. What did they use these monkeys as? (6 letters)

• Monkeys can be envied because they never have ... What? (8 letters)

• What did the image of a monkey with an apple in its mouth symbolize in the Middle Ages? (12 letters)

• Is a mirror test used to test for the presence of animals of self-awareness? put paint in two marks: one is visible in a unique way, and the other only through a mirror. The animal must demonstrate the ability to use a mirror. This test was passed by all surviving primates, some species of dolphins and, along with monkeys, the only non-mammal. Who? (6 letters)

• If a monkey yawns, then most likely it is tired and wants to become, but sometimes monkey yawns mean something completely different. What exactly? (6 letters)

The participant did not guess the horizontal and two vertical words.

Issue 43 (1,286), December 30, 2015

Members:

Vitaly Oleinikov, Ekaterina Oreshnikova(2,800 points), Evgeny Dorogaikin; Dzerassa Kabulova (Khimki), Andrey Povolotsky (settlement Kovalevka), Irina Golushko (Smolensk); Shanava Shanavazov (Makhachkala), Elizaveta Wolf (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), Alexander Rozhkov (St. Petersburg);

• After the 1902 eruption of the Montagne Pele volcano on the island of Martinique in the West Indies, only two people survived: a shoemaker who lived on the edge of the island, and another ... Who? (11 letters)

• “I love a thunderstorm in early May, when the first thunder ...”, - this is how Tyutchev’s poem “Spring Thunderstorm” begins. At the end of it, the culprit of the rampant elements is mentioned - the goddess Hebe. What did it symbolize among the ancient Greeks? (9 letters)

• Before the global flood, God told Noah to build an ark. 300 cm - length, 50 cm - width, height - 40 cm. What was it measured in? The minimum size is 44.5 cm, if long, then 55.2 cm. How was Noah's Ark measured? (6 letters)

• In 1931, a tornado in Mississippi lifted 83 tons and moved it 24 meters. What did he raise on the Mississippi? (5 letters)

The participant refused the supergame.

To be deceived is stupid and not necessary,
for the true shepherd is hidden from us,
and all the goats are eager to lead the herd -
to eat from varnished troughs.

Inside the family node
during quarrels and interjections
it's always easy to find a goat,
which is the third in this pair.
Gariki. Huberman

5-year-old Maxim and his 4-year-old sister Alice eat coleslaw.
After the meal, the boy turns to Alice:
- Well, today at lunch we were with you just like goats.
“No,” the girl corrects him. - There is only one goat. And I am a bunny.

Like it or not, sooner or later every man will hear from a girl that he is a goat. The question is, is it worth taking offense at this phrase? Or maybe it was said out of good intentions.

A LITTLE HISTORY

The most lustful of all animals, the ancients considered it a symbol of the creative power that fertilized matter and organized it. The goat personified the reproducing principle along with the snake and the bull. Hence the idea of ​​fertility associated with it: the goat of the harvest festival embodied the cult of bread in fertility rituals in Libya (the festival of the goat is the opposite of the festival of the lamb and falls at the time of the vernal equinox).

Ba-neb-dede

The Black Goat of the Forest with a Thousand Offspring goes back to Ancient Egypt and Sumer. Indeed, both in Egypt and in Sumer there was a cult of the Goat, but the Egyptian version of it was very influential. The so-called Goat of Mendes, was the "black" incarnation of Asar. The cult was based on the concept of fertility. Some features of this goat cult were adopted by the Arab magical systems. So, for example, the Aniz tribe had a similar cult. (Anz "goat" and Aniz - cognates) Aniz was called the Goat because the founder of this tribe practiced magic based on the idea of ​​fertility. The symbol of this cult is a torch between the horns of the Goat. This symbol also began to be used in Western magical traditions.

In the Greco-Roman tradition, the goat signifies masculinity, creative energy, and lust. Dedicated to Zeus Dictinos, who was fed by the goat Amalthea, whose skin became his shield, and the horn - a cornucopia. The wild goat is dedicated to Artemis and is an attribute or one of the guises of Dionysus. Associated with the cult of Bacchus and is depicted in art as driving his chariot.

Pan is depicted molesting Aphrodite

However, most often goats and goats were used as sacrificial animals. In ancient Greece, during religious festivities in honor of the god of wine and fun, Dionysus, goats performed their last goat song for the hero of the day, after which they went under the knife. It was a real tragedy, because in Greek the word "tragedy" literally means "song of the goats." Of course, the vocal parts for the goats, who had no time for songs, were performed by costumed understudies, but the bloody dance of death agony on the sacrificial altar had to be demonstrated by the unfortunate animals themselves. Aegis, or aegis (own “goat skin”), is an attribute of Zeus, Athena, and sometimes Apollo. According to Homer, the aegis is a shield made by Hephaestus for Zeus (hence Zeus-Egioch). Later it was believed that the aegis is the skin of the goat Amalthea, stretched over a shield (some researchers see here a memory of the ancient custom to protect the left hand with a goat skin); another version of the myth depicts the aegis as a fire-breathing monster, born of Gaia and killed by Athena, who made herself a shield out of it (from the middle of the 6th century BC, the goat-skin shield-aegis becomes a constant attribute of Athena; annually on the Acropolis, Athena was sacrificed goat, the skin of which, as an aegis, was placed on the statue of the goddess).

In ancient Rome, sacrificed goats and goats were skinned annually on February 15, the day of the Lupercalia celebration. The Roman priests-luperki, cutting belts from these skins, rushed around the Palatine Hill with cries, whipping with them all the opposite and opposite representatives of the fair sex.

In the mythology and beliefs of the ancient Celts, the goat was considered a symbol of fertility. The goat was often depicted next to the Roman Celtic god Mercury, with the goat in some aspects being an interchangeable symbol with the ram, also considered the personification of fertility. Like the ram, the goat was invariably associated with aggressiveness, in particular sexual aggression. Horned gods are not uncommon in Celtic culture. Often such horns resembled mutton, and even more often - deer; sometimes goat horns flaunted on the heads of deities.

"Thor's battle with the giants" (1872), Mrten Eskil Winge.

No less interesting is the evolution of the image of the Finnish Santa Claus - Joulupukki, whose name is often translated as "Christmas Goat". This is not entirely accurate, because at first the Scandinavian peoples called the word “yule” the ancient holiday of the middle of winter, which only later merged with Christmas. From 1131 to 1708 this happened on January 7, and after 1708 on January 13, when the name day of the male name Nutti is celebrated. The second part of the word - pukki (goat) - comes from the old Finnish, still pagan tradition of mummers nuttipukki (nuuttipukki). These nuttipukki were young people, dressed in a fur coat turned inside out and a birch bark mask, who depicted a horned creature of a pagan rite. Sometimes there were two men - one was the head of a goat, and the second depicted the back. Nuttypukki went around the house, gave gifts to obedient children, and frightened the naughty ones. Therefore, the horned "ancestor" Joulupukki at first also played the role of our Babai. Then he became kinder and got rid of goat features. True, the Yule goats have not disappeared anywhere - they have become a symbol of Christmas, and their straw figures, decorated with ribbons, can still be seen on the streets of Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Historically, at first the word Joulupukki literally translated from Finnish meant "Christmas goat", which was depicted as a straw goat and was almost the main attribute of the Christmas holidays. In Finnish, the word joulu was borrowed from the ancient Germanic name for the Yule holiday, dedicated to the middle of winter. (c)

Kurochkin O. Ukrainian New Rites: “Goat” and “Malanka”. Opishne, 1995.

In Lithuania, it was believed that the goat had the ability to foretell the weather because the Black God caused winds, thunderstorms, and rain. Musta-Gudarg, the deity of rain, is acquired by the Ingush in the form of a goat. Going to beg him to be generous with rainfall, people dressed the most beautiful young man in the village in a goatskin and mercilessly poured water on him.

A piece of red wool was tied to the goat's horns, and when the animal was taken out of the gate of the temple courtyard, one of the kohanim tore this piece of wool in half: one half was hung over the gate, and the other was again tied to the goat's horns. If the repentance of the people was sincere and sincere, then at the moment when the goat was thrown from the cliff, a piece of red wool hung over the gate turned white in accordance with what is said in the book of the prophet Isaiah: “If your sins are like purple, they will turn white they are like snow, and if they are bright red, they will become white, like wool. Rashi notes that the law on the goat sent to the desert, along with the law on the preparation of ashes to remove ritual impurities, which involves the slaughter and burning of a bright red cow outside the Temple premises, has always served as the basis for accusations that the Torah recognizes the existence of dark forces and even involves bringing gifts to them. However, neither the bright red cow, nor the goat sent to the desert were victims and were not dedicated to anyone. The burning of a bright red cow served as a symbol of the destruction of the sin of the golden calf, which underlies all sins, and the throwing of a goat from a cliff was intended to remind the people of what should be the fate of one who commits crimes against the Almighty, and to indicate the power of repentance that can save man and save him from harm. Apparently, it was from here that the popular image of the devil arose in the form of a flaming bull or a goat with a blood-colored body, as if it had been skinned, which corresponds to the rite (the skin and meat of the bull and the first goat are burned outside the settlement). Close to the image is the story of the burning of the Golden Calf by Moses (Ex. 32:19-20), shortly before he approved this tradition of burning sacrificial cattle.

In Christian symbolism, the goat - the devil, the damned, the sinner, lust and inconstancy - becomes a "stinky, dirty, constantly seeking satisfaction" creature, which at the Last Judgment is doomed to eternal punishment in hell. Goats are an analogy for sinners in the gospel sermon about the Day of Judgment, when Christ will separate them from the sheep and send them into eternal fire. On the other hand, the "scapegoat" is Christ loaded with the sins of the world. This is probably the source of the goat-like appearance of the medieval devil - he is depicted as a goat or a man with goat horns, beard and legs and with a female breast - Baphomet - whose name, when deciphered using the Jewish cipher abash, means "wisdom". The unforgettable image of "goat" wisdom has been passed down by initiates for centuries. Baphomet was advertised by the famous trial of the Templars in 1307-14. Wanting to confiscate wealth from a powerful knightly order, the French king Philip IV the Handsome behaved, albeit ugly, but effectively. In a matter of days, he arrested almost the entire top of the Templars, and the experienced Inquisition immediately began to “sew the case” for them, accusing them of Satanism and idolatry. Baphomet also figured among the idols. According to vague evidence, the idol was a silver head (sometimes bisexual and two-faced) with a beard. Apart from the beard, there was nothing goatish in Baphomet at first.

Baphomet

In appearance, the devil (as he is depicted in iconography) is very much like a goat. There are many stories about the manifestations of evil spirits with goat legs. The central place in these stories is occupied by the legends of the sabbath, at which the devil invariably appears in the form of a huge black goat, providing all those present with a kiss for his ass. The devil in the paintings depicting the witches' sabbath, in most cases, had the form of a goat, whom the witches kissed on the backside. In the late Middle Ages and Modern times, witches were often represented flying on goats.

In the medieval "Bestiary", the goat is presented as "a lustful, vigorous animal, always greedy for mating. By its nature, it is so hot that its blood can dissolve diamonds that cannot be destroyed by either fire or iron" (Unterkircher).

and this is a modern interpretation

In Dagestan and Central Asia, it was also believed that the devil takes the form of a goat.

At the same time, this definition is rather vague and conditional. In particular, the status of prisoners in positions such as, for example, orderly, librarian, foreman, etc., is determined quite flexibly, and such a convict can be considered a “muzhik” or even close to “thieves” (“a man on movement”, etc.). Currently, the following approach is common among prisoners: “goat” or “bitch” (these concepts are almost identical) are considered “for deeds, but not for position”, that is, a convict can formally hold any position (up to the commandant), but not be considered a "goat", "bitch", etc., if he did not commit any reprehensible actions from the point of view of "thieves" morality. This approach has been developed in a "criminal" environment in the last decade for the purpose of self-preservation under the conditions of the establishment of a strict regime of prison administration in correctional institutions in a number of regions of the country and is historically not an innovation: for example, in the 1940s-60s. "legitimate thieves" were already going to soften their code in connection with the "bitch wars".

At the same time, it should be noted that the "bitch", according to the "thieves' concepts" (that is, the ideas inherent in "thieves in law", "thieves"), is a "curious thief", that is, "thieves" or "lawful thief" who cooperated with the authorities. Therefore, a convict who was in the caste of a “muzhik” and who took up an administrative position in a correctional institution is often not equated with a “goat”, “whore” or “bitch” (unless, of course, he committed actions reprehensible from the point of view of the “thieves” system of values). ), and its status is determined differently depending on the specific correctional institution and specific circumstances (“man” or “goat”); this approach is also not new and is characterized by considerable arbitrariness, including in relation to the “thieves”, which is recorded in the memoirs of a number of memoirists (see, for example: L. Kopelev. “Keep forever”.)

from Wikipedia. "Prison castes in the countries of the former USSR"

A concise dictionary of thug jargon

Against this background, calling a woman a goat is almost a compliment. And not only because the goat is light, slender, herbivorous and is considered not the most intelligent person, which is so valued by men in a real woman: "Tender, stupid, sinful and with an angelic face" (G. Leps "Real woman"). We understand this nuance correctly: a man wants to dominate, including with his intellect. And a smart woman will pretend in time that she is stupid. In addition, the goat is the personification of fertility and touching maternal care. How not to remember the Mother Goat: "Kids, kids, your mother came, she brought milk." Let us also recall that the goat with the tender name Amalthea nursed the baby Zeus with her milk, and her wonderful horn is the cornucopia, an attribute of Fortune. Isn't that why the word "goat" appears even in the names of stores? And this is normal: business always strives to become a cornucopia for its owners. The skin of this goat also became the shield of Zeus. Jupiter was also fed with goat's milk. And all this is not unimportant. But from the horns of goats you can drink wine according to the ancient tradition of some peoples of the world. And if you often raise the horn with wine, then it is simply impossible to achieve prosperity and, moreover, abundance. Perhaps, thanks to such closeness to the gods, a saying appeared - "And you can't drive up on a goat!" - about very important and pompous persons. But in this situation, men can remember the Chimera (ancient Greek Χίμαιρα, literally "young goat") - a monster spewing flames, with the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat, the tail in the form of a snake; offspring of Typhon and Echidna. The Lycian Amisodar nursed her. The first mention of Chimera is in the sixth song of the Iliad, in which it is written that she was of divine origin - in front of a lion, the body of a goat, the tail of a snake; she spewed fire from her mouth. The head of a lion, the belly of a goat, and the tail of a serpent is the most natural description of it contained in Homer, but the Theogony of Hesiod ascribes three heads to it, and so it is represented in the famous Etruscan bronze sculpture from Arezzo, dating from the 5th century BC. In the middle of the ridge she has a goat's head, at the end of the tail a snake's, on the front of the body - a lion's. Or it's a monster with three heads on one body. Killed her, as predicted by the gods, the handsome Bellerophon, the son of Glaucus, who hit her with an arrow from a bow. She fell on the Aleian plains. In the sixth canto of the Aeneid, the "fire-breathing Chimera" reappears; commentator Servius Honoratus notes that, according to all authoritative scientists, the monster was from Lycia, and in this region there is a volcano that bears this name. Serpents swarm at the base of the volcano, there are many meadows and goat pastures on the slopes, flames blaze from the top and there, above, lions' dens; probably the Chimera is a metaphor for this unusual mountain. According to Strabo, the Chimera Gorge in Lycia was located between the mountains Krag and Antikrag, that is, in the territory between the modern Turkish cities of Fethiye and Kalkan. Pliny the Elder attributed this place a little further to the east, considering Mount Yanartash near the village of Cirali (Turkish: Çıralı) between the cities of Kumludzha and Kemer as a Chimera. There and now there are exits to the surface of natural gas in concentrations sufficient for its open combustion. According to one interpretation, this is a treacherous woman who had two brothers: the Lion and the Dragon. According to another, it is a mountain from which the sun's rays were reflected, and Bellerophon cut it. According to another interpretation, this is the captain of a pirate ship named Himar, which has an image of a lion on its nose, and a dragon on the stern, and snakes in the middle. In a figurative sense - an unreasonable, unrealizable idea.

Oh, Mary Ivanna was wrong, it turns out there exists and Goat horoscope

Aries - Hysterical goat. The second in terms of narcissism in the entire Zodiac: a typical Leo, a typical Aries still cannot surpass. When communicating with Aries, one should remember that only he, incomparable and wonderful, is always right. Any Aries has a quirk that this particular Aries thinks he is the best: he can be the most beautiful, strongest, most experienced turtle collector from Chu Chu Island ... If you dare to doubt, Aries will begin to behave like a cross between a sixteen and wandering hormones and a menopausal aunt with temperature changes: he will stomp his feet, yell, throw various objects, and may even get into a fight. And Aries will always be rude in the most brazen way. Who is to blame for the fact that he alone is always right? This should be told to the whole world, yes.

Taurus - lazy goat. This is the wildest brake on the entire Zodiac. He does everything slowly. When Taurus tries to think, creaking gears are reflected in his eyes. If someone dares to rush him, expressing that extreme truth that Taurus tries to think of, then Taurus will be offended, and in spite of you will continue to think. However, it will come to the same conclusion. Incredibly boring, it is impossible to drag him somewhere further than the next sofa. No other sign loves to devour more than him. He ignores any requests, because despite his natural slow-wittedness, he is stubborn like a young (or old) bull with a drooping belly.

Gemini - Insensitive Goat. More than anything else, he loves to talk on abstract topics that meet his own interests. You can safely forget about your interests when communicating with Gemini. Gemini is a kind of butterfly that flies to where you can get drunk from the heart. One of the biggest drunks in the entire Zodiac. He suffers from a touch of clowning, loves to play cheap performances for the public. It is impossible to talk seriously with this person, he will laugh it off or be openly rude. It is impossible to catch him at home, he will hang around all possible friends. They love to lie, in the ability to hang noodles on their ears they are second only to Sagittarius.

Cancer - Sensitive goat. Able to become depressed from any wrong word, the biggest whiner and crybaby in the entire Zodiac. He is practically unable to stand up for himself, he will hide behind the backs of relatives and close friends. Greedy for madness, he won’t give money in life, but he will lower everything on himself if he hits his head. Looks into the mouth of anyone who praises him. Anyone who praises him will run like a loyal zombie dog.

Leo - narcissistic goat. By narcissism, he bypassed absolutely all other signs. He is a king, a patrician, a God. Unlike Aries, he surpasses other people in absolutely everything, there is nothing that he does not know how and does not know. People are created to serve him, worship and sacrifice themselves and small mammals in the form of dinner on a plate. Often turns out to be an unrecognized genius. More than anything, she loves attention. Squeamish to the point of insanity. However, more than any other sign is led to any garbage: even a five-year-old can fool him. For one Leo is smart, and the rest are same above.

Virgo - Sly goat. Calculates any situation from start to finish. Passive, looks weak and weak-willed, although in fact, in cunning, it is second only, perhaps, to Scorpio. But unlike the above, it does not have a single character trait that is characteristic of a person, and not a robot. He lives according to a schedule, does everything in such a way that it is “right”. Completely dry and emotionless. Yeah, from the side it seems that under the harsh shell lies a subtle soul and a heart full of feelings, but Fig. This is a biorobot, self-executing a certain program. To achieve the goal and public benefit, without flinching, he will shoot a hundred people a day and strangle the puppy to death. He will not experience any pleasure from this, but he will not wince either.

Libra - Capricious goat. Just as squeamish as Leo. Distinguished by its litigation, the biggest litigation in the Zodiac. Like a small dog, it barks at anyone who is unable to offer real resistance. Do not look at what is written in the average horoscopes, Libra loves to swear. He likes to demonstrate ostentatious nobility, which turns into meanness in difficult times. Intrusive to madness, sticks like a bath leaf to the ass.

Scorpio - sadistic goat. The most vile character in the entire zodiac. A despot seeks to control everything independently. The place of a woman in Scorpio is in the kitchen. Rare hack. Vengeful as a nightmare, if you somehow managed to offend him - this is the end, he will remember for the rest of his life, and sooner or later he will take revenge. In general, he is as touchy as Cancer, but does not spread like a rag. Rather, it will get into a fight or begin to come up with insidious plans to destroy the offender. Like Virgo, he is able to shoot a hundred people a day and brutally strangle a puppy, but unlike Virgo, he will enjoy it.

Sagittarius - nerdy goat. In tediousness, in some ways it surpasses even Capricorn. Takes an honorable third place in narcissism, after Aries and Leo. He considers a good mood to be the most important virtue, runs away from problems, hates discomfort and quarrels. Remains a child for the rest of his life. The main sissy of the Zodiac. Despite the opposite signs, terribly similar to Gemini. Chatty to the point of madness, he will push about some topic of interest to him until he loses his pulse and consciousness. Often cowardly, wildly afraid of responsibility in any form. Lying like a gray gelding. Just because he likes the process itself.

Capricorn - Just Goat. He sets a goal and rushes towards it like a male donkey, well, just like a Virgo. Only Virgo does what is ordered, and Capricorn does what you want. If some kind of dregs got into Capricorn’s head, he will achieve this dregs by going over the heads and shooting all the objectionable. At the same time, unlike Scorpio, it will perfectly cover its tracks and calmly forget it. Capricorns don't care about anything but their goal. For the sake of the goal, he will betray any person. He suffers from meanness, will smile in his face and say nasty things behind his back - if it is beneficial to him, of course. This conservative contagion will not do anything without benefit for itself.

Aquarius - Irresponsible goat. He loves to make himself a cynic worse than Scorpio. An alcoholic who easily competes with Gemini. More often he drinks not because he wants to, but because his friends oblige him. He remembers absolutely everything, except for his promises, oaths and the phrase: “It was the very last time, never again!”, Said by himself. Like Leo, he is an unrecognized genius. It has some similarities with Aries: others must recognize in it the only fad. For Aquarius, this is his extraordinary genius. Everything, absolutely all Aquarians are brilliant geniuses. Able to love exclusively his endless friends. All others are not taken into account.

Pisces - Weak goat. The weakest sign of the Zodiac. Afraid of difficulties in any form. Pathologically dependent on everyone around. Only the huge armor of selfishness and narcissism, which sometimes reaches the scale of Leo, protects him from the final transformation into a doormat. Innate cunning and often meanness also help. More than anything, she loves to lie on the green grass, dreaming of a better life. At the same time, he is obliged to regularly bring food. Pisces does not recognize the likelihood that someone will not cook, clean and perform other low duties for him. Not even that they do not recognize it, it is simply unthinkable for them. And they always get what they want...

Why are girls so praised?
What did you find in them, women's echoes?
Enough I know their business:
They are liars and swindlers.
Let him fall in the form of a goat
My girlfriend hell at the crossroads!
Let a quiet evening when she
Makes eyes to men through the window,
Satan will bleat from Blocksberg
"Good night" in a goat's voice!
With a good guy, the girl is cold.
It is painfully simple for this fish blood.
I'm not bowing, I'll break her windows!

Siebel's speech in Auerbach's cellar
Johann Goethe. Faust.
Translation by Boris Pasternak

However, being a goat is not so bad.

No wonder the goat emblem has entered European heraldry and adorns the coats of arms of dozens of cities in Denmark, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Slovakia.

Taffy the IV. 1914.

On March 1, in honor of the patron saint of the Saint David Regiment, the officers of the battalion arrange a feast at which they proclaim toasts to the Prince of Wales, rich offerings are fed to the goat and the goat is led three times around the table. Freemasons claim that the use of the goat by the Royal Welsh has hidden mystical overtones.

The Feast of the Goat (Spanish: La fiesta del chivo) is a novel by Peruvian Nobel laureate in literature Mario Vargas Llosa. The title of the novel is taken from the popular Dominican merengue "Killed a Goat" (Spanish: Mataron al chivo), dedicated to the assassination of Trujillo on May 30, 1961. Merengue is a style of music created by Nyiko Lora in the 1920s and actively promoted by Trujillo himself; it is now considered the country's national music. Cultural critics Julie Sellers and Steven Ropp noted that by presenting the dictator as an animal that can be turned into stew, the song "gives those who sing, listen and dance to this merengue a sense of self-control they have not experienced in over a decade." three decades." Vargas Llosa quoted the text "The Goat Was Killed" at the beginning of the novel. The novel is set in the Dominican Republic around the assassination of Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo and its aftermath from a multigenerational perspective: during and immediately after the assassination, in May 1961, and thirty years later, in 1996. The novel also includes extensive reflections on the rise of the dictatorship in the 1950s and its implications for the island and its inhabitants. A film version of the novel was released in 2005, starring Isabella Rossellini, Paul Freeman and Thomas Milian. Jorge Ali Triana and his daughter Veronica Triana wrote a theatrical adaptation in 2003.

The main thing is not to become a scapegoat, although they also sometimes work out wonderfully.

bock beer(German: Bockbier or Starkbier) is a type of top-fermented or bottom-fermented German strong beer with an initial wort extract of more than 16% and a strength of 6.3–7.2%. There are light and dark beer of this brand.
Doppelbock(German Doppelbosk) - Bock-beer with an initial wort extract of more than 18% and a strength of 7-12% or more. When the alcohol content reaches 13%, the brewer's yeast dies. Therefore, to further increase the strength, it is necessary to remove some of the water from the beer.
Icebock(German: Eisbock) is produced by partially freezing beer. In this case, alcohol is concentrated in the unfrozen liquid. In this way it is possible to obtain a very strong beer without violating the Beer Purity Law.

This beer has its origins in the Hanseatic city of Einbeck in Lower Saxony. After receiving the status of a city in 1240, the townspeople also received the right to brew beer. During the Middle Ages, top-fermented beer was exported throughout Europe, as far as Italy. To ensure the freshness of beer during long transportation, it was made especially dense and strong. Even the Dukes of Wittelsbach from Munich received it from Einbeck from 1555 until the first court brewery was opened in Trausnitz Castle in 1573, which was moved to Munich in 1589. In 1614 Elias Pichler was invited from Einbeck to the brewery. Over time, due to the peculiarities of the Bavarian dialect, his beer began to be called Bock-beer - beer from Einbeck. Although the name of the beer has nothing to do with a goat (Bock means goat in German), the image of this animal is often placed on the label.

It turns out that the label does not depict a goat or a goat at all, the symbol of beer is a goat, and they began to depict it on the label after one incident that turned into a legend.

Once in Bavaria, a visiting knight spoke rather unflatteringly about the beer of the local brewery, called it very weak and suitable only for women. One of those who brewed this beer was very much offended by such words and offered the knight an unusual duel. The essence of the duel boiled down to the fact that each of the duelists had to, after drinking a mug of beer, which was provided to him by the enemy, after half an hour, standing on one leg, pass the thread through the eye of the needle.

A year later, at the end of spring, a significant tournament took place. The knight brought his beer, they went out onto the lawn and the competition began. With the first mug, a very impressive size, the participants coped quite easily. The brewer's wife went out to get some thread and needles, and on the way she let her favorite goat out for a walk. The brewer easily coped with the second mug, but the knight could not thread the needle and, unable to cope with the task, collapsed to the ground. He was no longer able to get up.

It was your goat that pushed me and knocked me down - the knight began to justify himself.
- That "goat" that knocked you over, I cooked - the brewer answered him.

In honor of the great tournament, the beer was named "BockBlER". And now, on the eve of the memorable date, beer is brewed with the name "MAI-BIER". The kid, since those times, has been a symbol of excellent strong beer.

This brand of beer is the most popular Czech beer outside the Czech Republic and, in addition to the Czech Republic, it is produced under license in Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Slovakia and Moldova. And in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999. Velkopopivicky Kozel won the gold medal among Pilsner brands at the World Championship held in Chicago.

In 1992, the Tverskoy brewery was corporatized, and the Firm Tver-beer was created. It was at this time that the popular varieties "Tver light" and "Tver dark" appeared. A characteristic feature of the Tver brewery of that time was the frequent change of label design. Now it is difficult to say what purpose the plant pursued? Another bewildering question - where does the goat on the label of Tver beer come from, because this animal has never been depicted on the coat of arms of the city? In fact, on the border post, installed in the late 18th - early 19th centuries on the border of the Tver and Novgorod provinces, not far from the village of Kuzhenkino, there were two bronze shields depicting coats of arms. So, from the side of Novgorod - the shield was with the image of the official coat of arms (bears), but from the side of Tver, two goats were depicted on the shield, standing on the sides of the chalice. Although at that time the coat of arms of Tver was completely different, however, the goat was one of the unofficial symbols of Tver.

The expression "Tver goat" (or "Tver goats") dates back to the first half of the 19th century. Initially, "goats" began to be called Kimryaks, that is, residents of the village of Kimry, Korchevsky district, Tver province (now a city, regional center of the Tver region), who made strong shoes from goatskin back in the 13th century. The legend says that shortly before 1812, on the order of "friendly" France for the Napoleonic army, they sewed a large batch of shoes from high-quality goatskin leather, and when at the beginning of military events Alexander I found out about such a lucrative deal of the quick natives of the Tver province, he let go of the shoemakers several strong expressions, the most decent of which was: "Here are the goats!" Whether this was actually the case is unknown. At about the same time, they began to say about the people of Tver: "The people in Tver are cunning: if necessary, they will lure a goat to the bell tower with a hand-written gingerbread." Subsequently, another legend grew to this saying: allegedly this incident occurred during the "Shevkalov battle" in 1327. Like, when the Tatars surrounded Tver, some portly clerk desperately rang the church bell, calling on the people to defend. After some time, he himself, grabbing a spear, hurried to the fortress wall along with his fellow citizens. And so that the ringing would not stop, the clerk dragged to the bell tower and tied a goat he had caught on the street to the bell. Naturally, the animal tried to escape, the rope was taut, and the bell sounded. The frightened animal was desperately torn, trying to free itself from the fetters. And the bells rang louder and louder. So the goat, who took a personal part in the defense of his native city, forever entered his history. Now it is difficult to confirm or refute this story, but it is regularly passed down by the Tverites from generation to generation. And there is another legend: “A goat was grazing in a clearing near the church, peacefully plucking grass for itself and accidentally began to chew the rope that fell to the ground from the bell tower. The bell struck, and not just struck, but the alarm. The inhabitants of the city rushed to the walls and saw the approaching Tatar-Mongolian cavalry. The enemy failed to take the city by surprise, and the raid was repulsed. But this is pure writing.
More likely another legend referring us to the reign of Catherine II, who actually turned Tver into the third Russian capital. There was no telegraph in those days, and even more so there was no telephone, most likely that is why, on one of the visits of the empress, the Tverites blundered and did not organize a worthy meeting for the empress. The enraged sovereign was about to give a good scolding to whom she should, when she heard the salutatory strikes of the cathedral bell. Catherine instructed her subjects to find and reward the bell ringer, who, unlike the nobles, showed deference and attentiveness towards her person. Imagine the queen's surprise when it turned out that none other than ... a goat that had climbed onto the bell tower and chewed the bell ropes was ringing the bell. They say that the goat spent the rest of his life in the royal stable, and the nickname "goats" stuck to his two-legged countrymen until the end of time. There are also ordinary versions. According to one version, the Tver goats began to be called "Tver goats" in the 19th century, when Tver peasants occupied the firewood sawing business in Moscow and walked with goats, shouting "Who should cut firewood?", to which people said: "Tver goats have come", that is, the goats became goats.” According to another version, the “goat” is an indication of a dandy man, allegedly in Tver, men were called goats, who, jumping a little, wore boots with special chic. However, these versions do not explain the presence of goats on the boundary pillar. In the literature, the "Tver goat" was first mentioned by Gilyarovsky. The book "Moscow and Muscovites" describes a certain character nicknamed Kozel, about whom Gilyarovsky writes: "and by birth a twerk", which indicates that by that time this expression was already stable. But it can be concluded (including from Gilyarovsky) that it was not just a nickname, but an offensive nickname, a teaser for the people of Tver.

On the other hand, the symbol of Tver - the goat - back in the middle of the 19th century was the first to meet and the last to see off the (columns of the station) Tverites and guests of this hospitable city. It can be assumed that the nickname "goat" at that time was not abusive, as in our time, but affectionate. Under the sign of the goat, industry developed, art flourished, and, of course, there was no such absurdity as the "butting" of the mayor and the governor. Therefore, one local historian, having learned about the opening of the Goat Museum in Tver, said: "It was the goats that opened the Goat Museum" . In addition, they established the medal "Deserved Goat", which is awarded for "Courage and perseverance in achieving the goal." And in the museum, as a keepsake, you can buy an anti-crisis "goat" - a souvenir coin with a face value of one, three or five goats and worth 150, 200 and 250 rubles, respectively. However, coins with goats are issued in different countries. Such coins are especially popular in the year of the Goat (Goat), i.e. current, 2015.

By the way, on October 21, the Tver region annually celebrates the holiday of the official symbols of the region, including the coat of arms, approved back in 1780, which depicts a golden crown lying on a golden chair, which is a symbol of the former political significance of the Tver principality, as well as a tribute to that it was Prince Mikhail of Tverskoy who for the first time in Russia began to be called an autocrat. However, the Soviet government decided to change the coat of arms. Here is what historian V. Lavrenov says about this: “They started talking about the Soviet coat of arms of the city of Kalinin [as Tver was called in 1931-1990] in the summer of 1966. The popular youth newspaper Smena became the instigator. In 1967, the Executive Committee of the Kalinin City Council announced a competition on the emblem of the city of Kalinin. In the "Regulations on the competition" it was said that this symbol "in a generalized form should reflect the most characteristic features of Kalinin as an administrative, economic and cultural center. "The composition of the coat of arms could be any, the only and obligatory condition was the inclusion in the drawing of the word "KALININ". It was assumed that the city was to receive a coat of arms for the 50th anniversary of Soviet power. The first round of the competition did not give the expected results, despite the fact that about 70 works were submitted. The jury members regretted that ". .. many authors did not really understand their tasks, did not study historical materials, the laws of heraldry, the experience of working on the coats of arms of other cities, and finally did not study or did not understand the ancient coats of arms of the city of Tver, their features and distinctive features. Among several "successful" projects, it is worth noting one, the symbolism of which was ambiguous. In the red field of the coat of arms was a golden goat (as it was claimed - "an element of the old coat of arms of Tver"), and below - a blue wavy ribbon depicting the Volga River. "But this work did not become the coat of arms of the city because of its ambiguity. Considering the existing the cult of the all-Union headman Mikhail Kalinin, the statement "Kalinin is a goat" encrypted in the coat of arms spoke of the great courage of the author. As a result, the coat of arms of Tver remained the same. However, another holiday is more popular in Tver - every year September 30th celebrate the birthday of the Tver Goat.

What do you say about goat eggs?

Dishes from genitals found in many cuisines around the world. It is said that a certain part of the male population prefers them in the hope of increasing their potency and fertility. For example, in Bolivia, bovine penis and testicles are essential ingredients in a popular soup ( testicles). And in Beijing, there is even a restaurant that specializes in cooking genitals various animals. Since lamb is considered one of the main products in Muslim food, there are quite a few dishes from testicles this animal. In addition, lamb testicles many revere as an excellent aphrodisiac - a substance that stimulates sexual desire and sexual activity. Like other internal organs, testicles can be prepared in many ways. For example, deep-fry whole; cut into thin slices and marinate in oil and lemon juice with the addition of chopped parsley, salt and pepper, then fry in butter; sliced ​​and stewed in butter and cream sauce with sliced, blanched and fried mushrooms. Like the heart, kidneys, and some other internal organs, genitals are often harsh. Perhaps that is why in the famous "Kama Sutra" lamb testicles It is recommended to boil in milk with sugar.

The benefits of lamb eggs
As you know, many are sure that the benefits of mutton eggs (as well as the testicles of other animals) for human health (in particular, for males) lies in the high content of hormones that are responsible for potency. However, this is not entirely true, although there is a rational grain in this assumption: to obtain these hormones, it is necessary to consume raw mutton eggs, due to the fact that they are completely destroyed during heat treatment.
Nevertheless, the benefits of lamb eggs cannot be denied as an excellent source of animal protein, easily digestible by the human body. The chemical composition of eggs is worthy of attention, it contains: choline, vitamins B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, E, H and PP, as well as minerals necessary for the human body: potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and manganese, iron , chlorine and sulfur, iodine, chromium, fluorine, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, phosphorus and sodium. In other words, mutton eggs are both nutritious and healthy at the same time. By the way, the calorie content of lamb eggs per 100 grams of meat is approximately 230 kcal.

2) Cut or pierce the testicles of a goat, ram, bull, soak overnight in salted water. In the morning, marinate with wine and onions for two to three hours. Fry in a frying pan, add garlic, as soon as the garlic smell comes out, pour over the marinade and simmer for 10-15 minutes. Serve with greens.

3) to increase potency: Take 2 testicles of a ram, wild boar, goat or bull, four kidneys and 50 g of black dates. Soak all this in rice vodka, and then cook in a steam bath (you can use a pressure cooker). The crushed mixture of all this is put into a bottle, poured with wine, aged for three months and consumed half a teacup regularly.

Rocky Mountain Oysters(USA)
# 40 lamb testicles
# 1 or 2 garlic cloves, finely chopped
# 1/2 onion, chopped
# 2 tbsp. spoons of corn starch
# 1 glass of white wine
# Salt and pepper to taste
# A little spicy pepper seasoning (tabasco) to taste
# 1 glass of water
Thoroughly wash the "oysters" and cook for 30-45 minutes until softened, then, after draining the water, squeeze well. After that, brown them in a pan along with onions and garlic, and then dip them in starch diluted in water. Add wine and simmer until sauce thickens. Add seasonings and serve hot.

Fried lamb testicles ( "Original Lamb Recipes"(Eksmo, Olimp, 2008), Oksana Putan, chef with 20 years of experience).

For two servings you will need: testicles lamb, 2 chicken eggs, 2 medium onions, 1/3 teaspoon salt, three tablespoons vegetable oil. Take testicles ram and, being careful not to hurt yourself testicle, make a cut on the skin. Trimming the strings - seminal canals, carefully release testicles from the skin. Rinse, cut each testicle into 2-3 parts, salt with half the salt put according to the recipe. Cut the onion into half rings and fry with two tablespoons of vegetable oil. Remove the cooked onion from the pan. Separately beat the chicken eggs With salt. Pour another tablespoon of vegetable oil into the pan and fry testicles until cooked on one side over low heat. Flip. Top on testicles put the fried onions and pour over the beaten eggs. Cook the omelet covered for 5 minutes.

Christmas goat, straw goat (Norwegian Julebukk, Swedish Julbock) is a traditional New Year and Christmas character in Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Connie Lindqvist (1950-2002): Christmas goat.

One of the oldest symbols of Swedish Christmas is the goat. This story goes back to pre-Christian times, when pagan Swedes believed in Thor, a god akin to Zeus.

Pagan times are gone, but the goat remained and turned into a straw decoration for Swedish homes.

The role of the Christmas goat has been constantly changing. Until the 19th century, during the Christmas holidays, young mummers went from farm to farm, playing and singing Christmas carols. One of the groups was always dressed as a goat, sometimes with a mask made of straw, and they received food and drink as a reward.

During the 19th century, the tradition gradually changed: a man dressed as a goat began to give gifts.

During the Christmas holidays, mummers dressed as goats walked the streets.

He was usually portrayed by someone from the family. By the end of the century, the dwarf (jultomte) - the Swedish Santa Claus - replaced the goat from Christmas traditions.

The Christmas goat is often made from straw or carved from wood. In the old days, there was a rally in which a goat was thrown to a neighbor's house with a note saying that the goat must be disposed of in the same way, that is, tossed to others.

In the modern version, the Christmas goat is a decorative straw figurine tied with red ribbons. It is traditionally placed under the Christmas tree as a decoration.

Larger figures are erected on city streets shortly before Christmas.

They, to the displeasure of the masters, are often burned on the eve of the holiday, which is completely illegal!

There are echoes of this tradition in Finland. Many people call the Finnish Santa Joulupukki (Joulupukki), which literally means "Christmas goat" in Finnish. These are just echoes of pagan traditions, similar to those that exist among the Swedes. Although now Finland is considered the birthplace of Santa Claus, the Finns do not forget their old traditions. On their Christmas decorations and cards, Christmas gnomes are frequent guests, including those with a goat.

Now Joulupukki looks like the usual Santa Claus with a white beard, in a red coat and hat, although he retains some national features. But even in the 19th century, he was depicted in a goat's skin and sometimes even with small horns.

Joulupukki has a wife - Muori (Muori, "old mistress") - the personification of winter. Joulupukka's assistants are gnomes who sit in the Echo Caves (Kaikuluolat, Kaikuluolat) for a year and listen to how children around the world behave, and before Christmas they sort out Christmas mail, help prepare and pack gifts.

Very similar to Joulupukki and Norwegian Julebukk. The funny thing is that Yulebukka is accompanied by a magical goat, who also delivers gifts and brings blessings and prosperity to people. The kids are looking forward to this goat and especially for her I put ears of oats in my shoes.

The goat circumambulation represents the remnant of a belief that has left numerous traces in both Western and Eastern Europe.

The Slavic peoples still have a strong tradition of driving a masqueraded goat. Kolza driving is performed at Christmas time or Shrovetide.

Driving a goat in a manor. Western Belarus, XIX century. M. Andriolli.

The goat in folk rituals is a symbol of fertility and wealth. The Belarusians believed that the goat was created by the devil, and therefore outwardly similar to him. Ukrainians also considered a goat to be a devilish creation, and if it is sprinkled with holy water, it immediately “disappears” (dies). Goats have short tails, because the devil, driving the goats to pasture, tore off their tails.

At the same time, the goat (the animal itself, parts of its body, meat, milk) acts as a talisman. A goat is kept in the barn, which the brownie allegedly loves and therefore does not harm the horses. A goat (especially a white goat) is afraid of a brownie and a weasel. According to Ukrainian belief, if there is a goat in the barn, she will not let the witch take milk from the cow. The shepherds kept the goat in the pasture for the sheep, believing that the goat did not allow the charmers to approach the flock.

From the death of livestock, a goat's head was nailed in the yard (with a fire.). According to Macedonian belief, a goat cannot be jinxed. If a cow was jinxed and it gives poor milk yield, it was necessary to get a goat and mix cow's milk with goat's, this averted the evil eye.

The costume of the mummer "goat" represented: a casing turned inside out with wool; a wooden head with horns and a beard of straw or wicker and a moving lower jaw. The Poles hung a bell to their beards.

The Belarusians know the "goat" in the form of a large doll on a stick. The Ukrainians of Bukovina wore a model of the “goat’s” head on a long pole, on top of which a hoodie was attached, hiding the figure of the performer.

In Wielkopolska, during Shrovetide detours (podkozelek), they sometimes led a live goat, attributing to it a magical effect on the harvest. A wooden horned figure of a goat was an attribute of the procession of mummers on the last Tuesday of the carnival. In Ukraine, the goat mask also figured in wedding and funeral rites (in "games with the dead").

The Christmas and New Year rite of "driving a goat" is most vividly represented by Ukrainians and Belarusians. The culmination of the ceremony was the performance of the song "Where the goat walks, there it will give birth to life ..."

De goat to walk, give birth there,
Goat feet, life by cops.

De goat with a horn, there is a haystack of life,
De not buvaє, there wiggle.

Go-go-go, goat, go-go-go, sira,
Go-go, horned, go-go, kudlat.

You disperse, rejoice,
Goat-sky, jump a little.

The goat fell, became lifeless,
She stretched her ribs, pulled her legs.

Kozo, goat, oh wake up,
Ґazdі y ґazdinі bow low.

Carry a generosity: in the city of Gorivka,
In the mist gorіshki, shchey kіltse intestines.

The song was accompanied by a pantomime dance, where the goat bowed to the owners, then danced and bullied young girls, caressed small children, then, as a rule, she “died”, she was unsuccessfully treated, and only having received a piece of fat, she “resurrected”. The rite symbolized the cycle of time and the rebirth of nature.

In Belarusian rituals, there were variants of ritual songs “About a goat and a wolf”, “About a goat and Barabanikha”.

In Ukraine, they usually “lead a goat” on a generous evening.

Mummers. Yule driving "goat". Stanitsa Anastasievskaya, Krasnodar Territory. A photo. 1989

In the cycle of spring rituals of the Nizhny Novgorod region, timed to coincide with Clean Monday or the first Sunday of Great Lent, they celebrated the “goat Shrovetide” by driving a goat decorated with a wreath and ribbons through the streets.

In calendar rites associated with agricultural magic, there is a masquerading goat or a goat mask. Christmas and Shrovetide detours with a masqueraded goat are most common among Ukrainians and Belarusians, to a lesser extent among Russians. Attributes of a mummered goat: a casing turned inside out with wool, a wooden head with horns and a beard made of straw or vines and a moving lower jaw.

The core of the Eastern Slavic Christmas and New Year rite of “driving a goat” is a song with the refrain “Oh-hoo, goat”, where a picture of the future harvest is drawn in hyperbolic images (“where the goat walks, it will give birth to life”, “where the goat with a horn - there is a haystack of life”, “where a goat has a tail - there is a life of a bush”, etc.). The song was accompanied by a pantomime dance, the central moment of which was the “dying” and “resurrection” of a goat, symbolizing the cycle of time and the rebirth of nature. In Poland, a wooden horned figure of a goat participated in the procession of mummers on the last Tuesday of the carnival. In Ukraine, the goat mask also figured in wedding and funeral rites (in "games with the dead").

The erotic symbolism of the goat is associated with its fertility: in Belarusian and Polish songs there are motifs of the Wolf's loving courtship for the Goat and the marriage of the Goat with the Wolf in the songs, and the Goat eaten by the Wolf symbolizes the bride that the groom has inherited.

The goat, as a sacrificial animal, appears in a peculiar act that took place in different regions of the Czech Republic on St. Yakub (July 25), when a goat with gilded horns, decorated with ribbons and flowers, was thrown from a bell tower or other elevated place. His blood was collected and stored as a remedy for fright. Thracian Bulgarians slaughtered a goat at a wedding, after the wedding night. Prohibitions to use a goat as a sacrifice (Bulgarians do not slaughter a goat for a funeral meal; Macedonians do not use a goat as a sacrificial animal) are motivated by the fact that the goat is an unclean, demonic animal.

In etiological legends, the goat is the creation of the devil (Ukrainian - "devil's seed", Polish - "devil's creation", Czech - "devil's breed") and therefore looks like him. Ukrainians believe that a domestic goat was created by the devil, and if you sprinkle it with consecrated water, it will immediately die. The goat has a short tail, since the devil, driving the goats to pasture, tore off their tails (Pol., Ukr. - Karpat.). According to Polish belief, the goat has all its strength in its tail; so that goats do not eat trees, they need to stick a needle in their tail. In Transcarpathia, they say that goats always strive to climb trees, because they have “damn” legs; goats once had claws on their feet and climbed trees; the devil bet his goats to God, and God deprived them of their claws; the goat has yellow wool on its knees, because the devil, driving them out of the court of the Lord, beat their legs, causing blood to flow and color the wool. In the legends, the goat as an unclean animal is opposed to the cow and the sheep - pure and "God's" creatures.

According to common Slavic belief, the devil appears in the form of a goat. Goat legs (horns, ears, beard) are present in the form of a devil, goblin, brownie, water. The Poles believe that in the eyes of a witch one can see the reflection of a goat. In the Kostroma region, there is a belief that in the "other world" strangled people turn into goats. In the Kiev province, they believed that on the eve of Easter, a treasure might appear in the form of a goat. From a goat, as a devilish creature, a witch cannot take away milk. The devil rides a goat.

A goat (the animal itself, parts of its body, meat, milk) is used as a talisman. According to Macedonian belief, a goat cannot be jinxed. Russians and Ukrainians kept a goat in a barn, which the brownie (or the devil) allegedly loves and therefore does not harm the horses. The shepherds kept the goat in the pasture for sheep, believing that the goat did not allow the sorcerers to approach the flock (Polish Beskids). In the Kostroma province, a goat's head was nailed in the yard to prevent the loss of livestock. In Poland, if a cow was jinxed, it was necessary to mix cow's milk with goat's - this averted the evil eye; goat's milk was poured over a fire that arose from lightning; expelling the demon from the possessed, they put a piece of goat meat in his mouth.