Astrophysicist Rashid Sunyaev: Does modern man need a native language? Rashid Sunyaev Putin and the Dark Energy of the Universe

Exclusive interview with a famous Soviet-Russian astrophysicist, part 1: about the preservation of the Tatar identity and native language, about the end of the world, Chingiz Aitmatov and Roald Sagdeev

At the last VI Congress of the World Congress of Tatars, perhaps the most eminent delegate was Rashid Sunyaev, a Russian astrophysicist, known throughout the world, winner of dozens of international awards. At the plenary meeting of the All-Union Communist Party of Tatarstan, President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov presented the scientist with another award - the Order of Friendship. During his stay in Kazan, the professor carefully avoided the press, but made an exception for Realnoe Vremya when he met with our correspondent. And it is no coincidence. As the interlocutor admitted, he is a reader of our online newspaper. In the first part of the interview, Rashid Sunyaev talks about his Mishar roots, recalls Chingiz Aitmatov and Roald Sagdeev, shares his opinion about the likelihood of the end of the world, and also names the Tatar names of famous stars and planets.

“THE NATIONAL IDENTITY CANNOT BE GONE ANYWHERE”

Rashid Alievich, I congratulate you on another award and thank you for your interesting speech at the World Congress of Tatars. You raised in your speech important question conservation Tatar language. It would seem that you were born in Tashkent, grew up in a Kazakh village...

I lived in the Kazakh village for only one year. Then a sister was born, dad built a hydroelectric power station, mom worked in a large hospital - next to the famous "cancer ward", described by Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. Both buildings were on the territory of the medical institute. In the morning, my mother's younger brother Ahmed, who studied at the aviation institute, took me to kindergarten, about three kilometers from home. After the garden, I often returned home alone. Mom was simply suffocating, in the end she sent me to a village in South Kazakhstan, 50 km from Tashkent, where fate threw her parents. Grandfather was on the arrest list in Tashkent, so he lived and worked in a Kazakh village, and I spent a year there before school. Grandfather Iskhak was born in a Tatar village, but in a fairly wealthy family, in his youth he visited Berlin, Warsaw, Istanbul, Mecca and Medina. Apkay Ummigulsum read a lot since childhood, subscribed to the newspaper and magazines of Ismail Gasprinsky, read a lot in Russian, and when collectivization began, she realized in time that she had to run away with her children and her husband from their native places, and as far as possible. My father respected her very much, he told me more than once that she deserves much more in life ...

I returned from the village to my mother in Tashkent, completely forgetting Russian, but constantly chatting, jumping from Tatar to Kazakh and back. There were four months left before school (Russian) ... During this year I managed to fall in love with Kazakh songs.

And then you studied in Moscow, now you live and work in Germany...

No, I live in Moscow. If you open Wikipedia in any language, it says that I am a Soviet and Russian scientist. I am a Russian scientist who is invited to work and works in Germany. I have three jobs now. In Moscow, this is the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The second place is the Institute for Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society, where I am still the director, despite my age. In addition, for 7 years now I have been a visiting scientist at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton - this is the famous institute where Albert Einstein worked for the last 22 years of his life, where Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific director of the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project, was director , and at least a couple dozen other famous mathematicians, physicists, philosophers, historians and economists of about the same caliber worked. I enjoy spending two months a year at this institute, where you can meet and talk with eminent experts in almost every field of science and where I have no administrative duties.

If you open Wikipedia in any language, it says that I am a Soviet and Russian scientist. I am a Russian scientist who is invited to work and works in Germany

You can't get away from her. If you come to any American elite university in the top ten, thirty, or even a hundred, you will notice interesting feature. In elite universities you will see people from all over the world. They teach, do science, study. And many of them willingly say who they are, think about their country, want to help their country, dream of passing on their native language to their children. It is natural. Some of them stay in the USA forever, but many of them, having earned scientific authority, return to their countries for professorial positions.

"CHINGIZ AITMATOV WAS A GREAT WRITER"

Do you use Tatar at home? Do you speak it with your children, grandchildren?

My wife Guzal speaks Tatar very well, but most of all I now, perhaps, talk with my granddaughter, whose name is Kamilya. When she was a year and a half, she lived with us for a month with her mother (the son was on a business trip), Gyuzal came to her senses after the operation. Camili had 25 figurines of different animals. In the evening, when I came home, I had to somehow free her mother, and I played with my granddaughter. While I was having dinner, I asked Camille to bring a cow, a lion or an elephant, and she willingly brought it. And for each figure, I drove it separately to another corner of the room. And so I said to her "kuy". Maybe you know this word?

See, you don't know either. The granddaughter knew all the words in Tatar, but could not speak. And she got stuck. Her mother immediately came running: “What happened?” Here, I answer, I tell Camila “forge”, but she does not know. And Regina told me: “I know what “kuy” is, but in Tatar we say “saryk”. And “kui” is an Uzbek and Kazakh word.”

It means "ram".

And I knew from childhood that “ram” is “kui”. And now my granddaughter is teaching me real Tatar. And the parents of the wife of my youngest son Ali were born in Urmaevo, in Chuvashia - this is a well-known Mishar village. My granddaughter begins to speak her first words in the “clattering” Mishar dialect, and the villages where my parents were born in Mordovia are “choking”, there is a difference. Regina (daughter-in-law) graduated from the Russian State University for the Humanities in Moscow, then she married my son. Now they live in Germany, their son is a professor, head of the department of information technology theory (Ali came to Kazan several times, made presentations at the university, as he usually does in high school of Economics and the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow), while Regina is still at home with her daughter. But my granddaughter's first language is Tatar, and I am very happy about this.

Some people express pessimistic thoughts: the Tatar language is dying out. Is there still a chance for him to survive?

I am worried about a completely different question: I am afraid that not the language will die out, but the people will disappear. Look at the population censuses of the Russian Empire in 1897, the Soviet censuses of 1926 and 1939, etc., there was also a secret Stalinist one, but now you can read what results it gave. In 1939, Tatars, Uzbeks and Kazakhs were approximately the same: they were peoples of almost the same number (there were 12% more Uzbeks than Tatars, 39% fewer Kazakhs than Tatars). Moreover, the Tatars had a significantly more educated layer. And the Tatars were essentially bilingual, many understood Russian. I would say that they were also trilingual, as they could easily speak Uzbek and Kazakh. If you look at the new figures, now there are 25-26 million Uzbeks, about 14 million Kazakhs, and much fewer Tatars - 5.5 million people, according to the best estimates. I had many acquaintances from the Uzbek elite - scientists, doctors, journalists, artists ... Many of them had Tatar grandmothers or mothers. Even at the congress of the Tatars, there were people who, when they met, said: “My mother is a Tatar,” including the former prima of the Kyrgyz ballet, who now teaches at the Ankara Conservatory.

I am worried about a completely different question: I am afraid that not the language will die out, but the people will disappear. Look at the censuses of the Russian Empire in 1897, the Soviet censuses of 1926 and 1939, etc., there was also a secret Stalinist one, but now you can read what results it gave ...

Like Chingiz Aitmatov.

As for Chingiz Torekulovich, the following story comes to mind. In the 1970s (I don’t remember the year) there was an interim anniversary of Tukay. In Moscow, it was celebrated without much fuss, it seemed that they remembered it at the last moment. The ceremonial meeting was held in the Hall of Columns, in the very center of Moscow, this is the building of the former Assembly of the Nobility. I was told about it late - and I immediately went there. There was a good enough atmosphere. Well-known Tatar writers, representatives of the Union of Writers of the USSR, several party leaders sat on the presidium. And Chingiz Aitmatov was seated in the corner of a large table. People spoke, but I was struck: it was impossible to speak more officially and formally than the Tatar writers used to say. Even in the speeches of Muscovites there were fewer formal words. Then Chingiz Aitmatov came out, and he spoke from the bottom of his heart, well and very, very interesting. He spoke in Russian, but several times he inserted Tukay's quotes in Tatar without any papers, from memory. It was evident that he knew and felt Tatar. A few years later, my Teacher, Academician Zeldovich, took me with him to visit Aitmatov's house in Bishkek, but then, during the anniversary of Tukay, we did not know each other. During the break of the meeting before the concert, I approached Aitmatov and said: “Thank you very much. you said the most best words about Tukay. I was very pleased to hear them. It's good that you came here." He looked at me and answered: “My mother asked me ...” He said this quietly and sadly ... Chingiz Aitmatov was a great writer. I think that probably everyone who read his stories is aware of this.

“WE ON EARTH CAN ARRANGE SOMETHING THAT WE DO NOT FORGIVE”

Rashid Alievich, you, as a person studying processes in space, answer: when will the end of the world come?

We shouldn't worry too much about it today. I do not believe in any close in time (tens or hundreds of years) cosmic catastrophe that will destroy life on Earth. The probability of such a fatal event is too small. Unfortunately, we on Earth can arrange something ourselves, God forbid. We have so many opportunities to arrange a big nuclear war, after which humanity may not survive. You can poison everything around, you can create an artificial biological weapon - for example, a virus that will destroy all of humanity.

The guest of the congress, Turkologist and historian Yulai Shamiloglu deals with the question of why the Golden Horde weakened so quickly (it existed for about 250 years, only three and a half times longer than the indestructible Union). He believes that plague epidemics were one of the main reasons. The Golden Horde had established postal communications throughout the giant country. Messengers from Saray galloped to Khanbalik (as the future Beijing was then called) to deliver urgent letters. On the way they changed horses, and the next person rode with a document from the khan. And with the same speed the plague spread throughout the vast state. It was scary. If people lived in the forests, they had a chance to survive. There was no such fast communication between the villages. The well-established courier connection of the Golden Horde, the fact that it was a country of cities, apparently played a cruel joke with it. We know there was no cure for the plague then. And then this epidemic came to Europe through the Crimea. In Europe, too, there was a huge number of victims.

I do not believe in any close in time (tens or hundreds of years) cosmic catastrophe that will destroy life on Earth. The probability of such a fatal event is too small. Unfortunately, we on Earth can arrange something ourselves that God forbid

It's complicated. There was a fierce war with Tamerlane, civil strife. I am very glad that now in Moscow, and in Kazan, and in St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Saratov, Volgograd, many serious scientists are engaged in the history of the Golden Horde, which used to be Soviet time was practically closed. It was a huge country in which people spoke our language, of course, there were many dialects, but the language was one. And now it's amazing when you meet Kumyks, Karachays or Balkars, they almost speak Tatar. Bashkirs speak a very close dialect, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Karakalpaks too. You come to the Uyghurs in Xinjiang in China - you understand Uyghur. I was invited to that region for a meeting on astrophysics between the Chinese Academy and the US National Academy of Sciences. I spoke with the Uighurs, and they understood me. No one laughed, they rejoiced... I think that the leadership of Tatarstan is aware that now around 200 million people speak Turkic languages ​​in the world, including Turkey and Iranian Azerbaijan. This is comparable in size to the Russian-speaking world... And this is a serious future market, a large number of people who speak similar languages. And the Tatars can easily become useful in trading, business relations with these countries. We must preserve the language, we must be two-, three-lingual. My children know both German and English better than me. And Russian, probably, I still know no worse. It's not that hard to speak three languages, people learn very quickly when life forces them.

Let the question not seem strange, but here you plunged into history. Do you think it is possible to invent a time machine?

I think that hardly, I believe more in the “arrow of time”.

“It is VERY IMPORTANT THAT OUR PEOPLE HAVE SUCH SONS”

You also noted in your speech that you met many Tatars and outstanding scientists while traveling around the world. Please name them. Apart from Rashid Sunyaev, I don't know anyone...

No, you're wrong. Among the Tatars there are many very strong and world-renowned scientists. But forgive me for answering a slightly different question.

It is very important for young people to have an example in life. When I was a fourth-year student, I did an internship at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Moscow. This institute is located in a very good corner of the capital, in an old estate spread over a large area with ponds, a river, and a beautiful park. At that time, the Institute had its own nuclear reactor and a fairly good proton accelerator for its time. We had a hostel on the territory of the Institute, where I lived for four and a half years. Once I read an announcement that Roald Sagdeev would make a report at an institute seminar and talk about his theoretical work. I heard rumors that Roald Zinnurovich moved from Moscow to Novosibirsk and, despite his youth (31 years old!) Is running for the election of corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The students of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, where I studied, knew that Roald managed to pass all the exams for Lev Davidovich Landau himself, and Landau wanted to take him to his graduate school. Every time I come with a report to the famous Caltech - California Institute of Technology, I go to the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, where in one of the corridors under glass there is a copy of the list of scientists who personally passed the entire theoretical minimum Landau personally. This list was compiled by Landau himself. Roald Zinnurovich is last on this list, at number 26. And the names of most scientists from this list are familiar to theoretical physicists around the world ... I went to this seminar, skipping lectures for our course, which I had never done before.

I must say that it was an amazing report. The director of the Institute, academician Alikhanov, head. the theoretical department of the institute, then Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Pomeranchuk, professors Akhiezer and Berestetsky, whose book on quantum electrodynamics has been a reference book for me for many years, most of the active and well-known scientists of the institute.

Roald talked about issues that weren't even mentioned in our textbooks. It was evident how deeply he felt the physics of the phenomena he was talking about, how simply he could explain the equations describing these processes, how easily he answered any questions. I first heard then about collisionless shock waves. Today, all physicists involved in space plasma physics know about them. Such shock waves have been directly observed in many space experiments, for example, in the plasma of the solar wind flowing around the magnetospheres of planets.

I remembered this report by Roald Sagdeev for the rest of my life: he was able to become a great, bright, extremely successful scientist who wrote wonderful and recognized by all scientific works. He did: it means that I also have my chance if I can find a case that interests me and work with all my might.

I want to say that later, almost eight years after the seminar mentioned above, I got to know Roald Zinnurovich quite closely, talked with him many times and for a long time, he was an opponent at my doctoral thesis, invited my Teacher, three times Hero of Socialist Labor Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and myself to move from the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences to the Institute of Space Research when he became its director.

I am offended that at some point Roald Zinnurovich decided to go into politics and practically stopped working in plasma physics, where he had great authority. But his works remained, they live, and his school remained. People have the right to choose their own path in life. It is very important that our people have such sons.

Rashid Alievich, with whom else from the pundits - representatives of the Tatar people - did you know each other?

I was lucky, I was very familiar with interesting people. I was called to their home and wonderful scientists - Turkologists and Orientalists talked with me for hours: Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Union of Turkologists of the USSR Edhyam Rakhimovich Tenishev, Doctor of Philology, author of wonderful dictionaries and books about the Golden Horde Emir Najip, remarkable historian Mirkasym Usmanov. Emir Najip was the first to tell me about the poetry of the Golden Horde, about Kutb and Saif-i Sarai, who wrote in 1394 about a guy who circles around a girl, like the Earth around the Sun. These poems were written more than 100 years before Nicolaus Copernicus published his work on the heliocentric system of the world, generally recognized after this publication. Emir Najip showed me these verses as evidence. It is amazing that even with my very mediocre knowledge of Tatar they could be understood (how little the language has changed since then!). Now the translations of these poems into Russian, made by Ravil Bukharaev, have been published.

The names of many wonderful stars (eclipsing variables), nebulae and even constellations are known to many people, but not everyone remembers the Arabic origin of a significant part of these names. Nomadic peoples, shepherds have always been interested in the sky. I remember one of my last conversations with my grandfather (davati) Abdurakhman. He was 84 years old. I flew to Tashkent through the Knowledge Society, accompanying the cosmonauts on their trip to the regions of Uzbekistan and filling the gaps between their speeches with popular lectures on space research and the interests of astrophysics. In Tashkent, they usually gave me 6 or 8 hours free so that I could see my relatives. Grandfather was interested in landing a Soviet probe on the surface of the planet Venus, almost all of our short meeting was spent answering his questions. Not to say that he liked the information about the very high pressure atmosphere on Venus and that the clouds on Venus contain droplets of sulfuric acid.

I was lucky, I met very interesting people. I was called to their home and wonderful scientists - Turkologists and Orientalists talked to me for hours

But in response, he told me how at the age of 16, long before the revolution of 1917, he was taken on a trip to the Kazakh steppe and Orenburg with a caravan of carts from several Tatar villages in the north of the Penza province. They traveled with the products of their workshops in order to exchange for the skins necessary for the production of boots, leather coats and jackets. His most important impression was the unusually rich summer sky in the steppe: the Milky Way, a huge number of stars, constellations, and Chulpan - Venus, perhaps the most beautiful of the planets. I was struck by the Tatar name of the North Star: Temir Kazyk Yulduzy - Star of the Iron Stake. Davati explained to me then that the stars in the entire sky revolve around the Polar Star like a herd of horses during the day ... I asked and still ask my colleagues - Kazan astronomers - to publish the names of constellations and planets in the Tatar "Wikipedia". This is also the history of the people, these names have their own poetry.

Since I mentioned my paternal grandfather, I will tell you about the most difficult years of his life. His family with four younger children, like many other families who later found themselves in Central Asia, were expelled during collectivization from their Mishar village, passed through the camp and felled on Shilka, the left component of the Amur, where, as my grandfather said, under three larches buried my two aunts who died of starvation, who were then 14 and 12 years old. It is amazing that, despite all the ups and downs of life and the death of three children, davati (grandfather) and davati (grandmother) Latifa remained in my memory as very friendly, hardworking and educated people. Latifa taught me Arabic script so I could read old books. Alas, now I remember almost nothing of these lessons.

It is amazing how many people and entire peoples, expelled from their land during Stalin's time or evacuated from regions and republics occupied by the enemy during the war, were then accepted by Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other republics of Central Asia. And the attitude of the local population towards these migrants was at least sympathetic. Many local residents helped and took them into their homes. We must remember this now, when the attitude in Russia towards labor migrants from Central Asia can hardly be called benevolent.

Futuristic lecture hall at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Delegate of a number of congresses of the World Congress of Tatars, guest of honor of the VIII World Forum of Tatar Youth, outstanding astrophysicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, director of the Institute for Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society in Garching (Germany), laureate of the State Prize Russian Federation and a number of international awards Rashit Sunyaev answered the question of the Internet portal www.congress.tatar by e-mail:

Does knowledge of the Tatar language in the Russian Federation, including in Tatarstan, affect the development of the economy?

Full text of Academician Rashit Sunyaev, received from Germany by e-mail:

It is difficult for me to answer this question. I am sure that 100 years ago, knowledge of Tatar influenced the development of the economy of Tatar villages.

My grandfather Abdurakhman told how their villages in the north of the Penza province were buying raw hides for their workshops in the Tatar villages near Orenburg and further into the Kazakh steppe. The Tatars held at one time (a couple of hundred years ago) a significant share of Russia's trade in tea with China through customs on the border of Siberia with China (now it is the border with Mongolia). Again, our villages in the Penza province were actively engaged in seasonal fishing in Astrakhan. And everywhere the reason was the language that was understood by at least part of the local economically active population in Orenburg, and in Kazakhstan, and in Astrakhan, and in Altai, and in Tuva.

Historians write a lot about this. In the provinces of central Russia and in colonies such as the Baltic states and Poland, the role of Tatar merchants was negligible (perhaps with the exception of trade with the Karaites and the Lithuanian Tatars of Trakai, who actively sold tobacco from the Crimea). Trade and industry, the printing houses of the first Tatar manufacturers were mainly aimed at the population of Tatar villages and workers' settlements scattered over vast territories, and, most importantly, to the East: Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Uighur population of western China, those areas where people understood our language .
It was there that people later fled from collectivization, repression, etc. etc.

Already for the generation of my parents (born in 1912 and 1917) it became clear that without the Russian language to get modern education it will be very difficult. And this is despite the fact that my father, after the arrest of his family, came to Tashkent alone at the age of 17, not knowing anyone in the city and having practically no money in his pocket. He quickly found a job after reading an advertisement in Uzbek that an Uzbek-language newspaper needed a proofreader (it was 1929, dominated by Arabic script). The father found the specified address. An elderly Tatar, after an hour-long check, told him that he did not know Uzbek, but he would learn, and that he was fluent in Arabic. The issue has been resolved.

My father studied at school in Ruzaevka in Russian. My grandmother Latifa taught my father the Arabic language and writing in Tatar. She tried to teach Arabic script (so I could read old books) to me in elementary school. Unfortunately I don't remember anything.

In 1932, when the children of people deprived of their rights were allowed to study in three specialties; civil engineer, mechanical engineer and mining engineer. My father went to study industrial construction, although he dreamed of being a doctor or a Tatar writer. Education in Uzbek was much lower, there were no textbooks or qualified teachers. He understood this, and went to Russian groups.

Me with younger brother already aimed only at the best Russian schools (in Tashkent, a significant percentage of schoolchildren in them were Jews, Armenians and Tatars). As a result, in the 10th grade, I won first place at the Mathematical Olympiad of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Unfortunately, the train has left: a specialist of even an average level in Russia can only be brought up if he knows Russian well. In Russia, a student can become a good specialist in medicine, science, modern technology only if he knows English well and has access to the Internet or to books and magazines in English. And this is not only in Russia. 23 years ago, when I started giving lectures at the universities of Munich, not all students knew English.

Now there are simply no such students at universities in technical, scientific, medical specialties. My youngest son Ali is a full professor of computer science and computer science at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (one of the top three technical universities in Germany), lecturing senior students at English language, although he has a wonderful Hoch Deutsch. Karlsruhe is one of the richest cities in Baden-Württemberg.

Baden-Württemberg, along with Bavaria and Hesse, is one of the richest and most developed lands (regions) in Germany. The Swabians live there, they have their own dialect of German (like Mishar, or like the Bashkir language), and 140 years ago they had their own Kingdom. At home, many of them speak Swabian, and there are many anecdotes about their snuggling. But in the city you will hardly hear this dialect, everyone speaks “high German” - the language of Martin Luther's bible. All high school graduates speak English well. There are still real schools and ordinary schools preparing those who will not pull on higher education. But they also study English there.

My daughter Zulya is a doctor at a clinic at the University of Munich, her German is excellent, but every week she receives a subscription to the New England Journal of Medicine, published in Boston in English, with information about the news of medical science and latest methods treatment.

My professional German in physics is now worse than the level I had in my student years. There is nowhere to use it, everyone around uses English. Only Turkish taxi drivers and shop assistants speak German to me, and not all of them. Many switch to English or Russian as soon as I say a couple of phrases.

But before the Second World War, German was the language of international communication for all physicists in the world, everyone tried to publish in German journals. Where perishing here until local dialects. Ali and Zulya graduated from high schools and universities in Bavaria, they know (heard from friends) certain phrases, they understand the words that I ask the woman who is responsible for filling the coffee machines at the Institute with beans or coffee powder, and that even for the weekend graduate students had enough clean cups, spoons, forks, etc.

Bavarian, unlike Tatar, has never been a written language and has never been taught in schools. The Bavarians have always considered themselves Germans, but of course they have, like the Swabians, Saxons or Prussians, their dialects, their habits, pride in their history and local heroes.

I cannot imagine Tatarstan without the Tatar language. At the same time, we must not forget that professionals in Russia need to know Russian, and in big world- English.

We all see how the Russian language is losing ground in professional matters with the decline in the level of science, medicine, and technology in our country. All leading economists of the world and Russia know English, most of the major discoveries of modern economics are made at US universities.

Another thing is the Catalans. They had their own language, their own poetry. Catalonia and the Basque Country lead in economic development among the autonomous regions of Spain. My colleague, a professor at the University of Barcelona, ​​who taught for many years at the best universities in the United States, returned to work in Catalonia, and at night translates into english poems Catalan medieval classical poets and publishes them. The world should know that its people had a beautiful literature of the chivalrous period. Children in the lower grades have the opportunity to study (and study) in their own language.

And the Irish have practically lost their language, they speak and write in English (many English writers were Irish: Shaw, Swift and many others). But they remain Catholic and Irish, in whatever country of the world they live.

It is interesting to talk about the language in Israel. Most of the Ashkenazi (Jews of Central and Eastern Europe) spoke Yiddish at home, there was literature (Sholom Aleichem, etc.), there were songs, Jews from Holland, Turkey and Morocco, expelled from Spain at one time, spoke Espanyol, Bukharian Jews and Jews of Iran they spoke Dari (Tajik) and Farsi, from Yemen - Arabic, from Ethiopia - Amhara. Now they have one language, ancient Hebrew, lexicon which grows by a couple of percent every year. There is modern literature, and this language unites the people, whose grandfathers had such different cultures and languages. All that is needed is the will of the people to speak to each other in their native and beloved language.

We often watch with Guzal a family video about our loved ones. Three of our Moscow granddaughters (aged eight, six and three) study with a Tatar language teacher at home. There is not much progress, although their names are Aliya, Alsou and Karima. And the day before yesterday they were visited by two of our granddaughters from Karlsruhe: Kamilya (2 years and 9 months) and Selma (8 months). Muscovites were very surprised how Kamilya quickly jumps from Russian to Tatar, talking now with them, now with her mother, and at times forgets and gives out tirades in German with a strong Swabian accent, in which she speaks with friends in kindergarten. Rigina and Ali shared their responsibilities: her mother speaks to her (and understands her) only in Tatar, and her father speaks only in Russian. Nothing, Camille copes, and how.

In the same way, in Denmark and Holland, 30 years ago, workers in the workshops of institutes where they made instruments for our satellite instantly switched from German to French or English, depending on the interlocutor, and spoke their native language among themselves.

From this we can conclude: knowledge and free use of several languages, including the native language, is the normal state of an intelligent and successful person living in modern society, often far from his relatives and friends, from his villages and cities, from his Republic.

PS Everything that I wrote above refers to rather rare and far from mass professions: scientists and engineers working in the field of the latest research areas, young doctors, geneticists and biologists in leading clinics and research institutes and firms, programmers, economists, bankers, etc etc. But the vast majority of people do not work in science, but in the service sector, trade, construction, transport, agriculture. They stand firmly on their own feet, although from time to time they also need to raise their qualifications, master the methods of work developed in modern laboratories.

But such work does not require a mandatory knowledge of English at a good level and continuous improvement of working methods. If Tatar were taught at school in all subjects that are studied in schools around the world, then, most likely, translated and original textbooks in the Tatar language would quickly appear. If at universities and universities lectures were given in Tatar as well as they are read in Russian or Japanese, Turkish, Hungarian or Serbian, nothing terrible would have happened. To study Russian (as a state language) or English (as a foreign language), a few hours a week are enough. But then the people would have a real, beautiful and native language that develops together with the whole world, and not a language that is spoken only at home.

To preserve the language, we need the will and desire of many people, we need schools where all subjects are taught in their native language, we need universities, at least like the former Kazan Pedagogical Institute, which is lost and quickly disappears in the depths of KPFU, we need enthusiasts who will write textbooks, will support Wikipedia in Tatar so that students and teachers can learn (when needed) about the main directions and results of modern research.

Linguists and historians are very important. Our children must know their history, the history of their villages and cities, their states, it is necessary to return to the people the names and the best of the poems of the medieval Golden Horde poets, the names of scientists and architects who worked then, the names of dead cities and towns, on the site of which modern big cities now stand, but their early history is forgotten.

There are many peoples in the world in terms of numbers, comparable to our people or even smaller in number, who teach children in schools and universities in their own languages, and yet remain quite competitive in the world. Do we want our people not to completely dissolve, as many Turkic and Ugro-Finnish peoples and tribes have disappeared, while the number of others continues to decrease (for example, our neighbors Mordovians: in 1939 there were almost twice as many as in 2010, and the number Udmurts decreased by almost one and a half times between the 2002 and 2010 censuses).

The native language, communication in it, is extremely important for the preservation of the people. You can't forget your language. It is necessary to speak it at home, with relatives, friends, acquaintances, neighbors, with work colleagues and with everyone who knows him as well as you. It must be taught at school and in courses, it is necessary to listen to old folk songs, watch television programs on it. And then it will be alive, and your children and grandchildren will speak it.

All the best. Rashid Sunyaev

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Sunyaev Rashid Alievich. was born on March 1, 1941 in Tashkent in a Tatar family originating from Mordovia. Graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University. At the same time, he studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and graduate school at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology at the Faculty of General and Applied Physics. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), professor. He headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics of the IKI RAS, since 1992 he has been the chief researcher of the Space Research Institute of the RAS. He is also director of the Institute for Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society in Garching (Germany).

In collaboration with Ya. B. Zel'dovich, he created a theory known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, according to which the cosmic microwave background radiation gradually dissipates under the influence of electrons.

R. A. Sunyaev, together with N. I. Shakura, developed a model of accretion disks that are formed when matter falls onto a black hole and serve as the cause of strong X-ray emission from binary systems in which one of the stars is a black hole or a neutron star.

R. A. Sunyaev participated in important studies of the early Universe, including research on the recombination of hydrogen in the Universe and the emergence of angular fluctuations in the CMB. He led a team that carried out observations with instruments on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. Using this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-ray radiation from a supernova was recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. His group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the Granat and INTEGRAL satellites, and is currently preparing the international astrophysical project Spektr-X-ray-Gamma. At the Institute of Astrophysics of the Society. Max Planck, he works in the field of theoretical high-energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and also participates in the interpretation of data from the Planck spacecraft of the European Space Agency.

The son of Rashid Alievich is Shamil Sunyaev, a professor at Harvard Medical School.

Awards

• Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988)
• Fundamental Science Prize of the International Academy of Astronautics (1990)
• Memorial Science Prize. John Lindsay Space Center. Goddard (Goddard Space Flight Center), NASA, USA (1991)
• Robinson Prize in Cosmology, Newcastle University, UK (1995)
• Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal (1995)
• Sir Messi Gold Medal of the Royal Society and COSPAR (1998)
• Catherine Bruce Gold Medal of the Pacific Astronomical Society (2000)
• State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars with the help of the X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory "GRANAT" in 1990-1998.
• Prize named after A. A. Fridman of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2002 for a series of works “The effect of reducing the brightness of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the direction of clusters of galaxies”
• Danny Heineman Prize in Astrophysics from the American Institute of Physics and the American Astronomical Society (2003)
• Gruber Prize in Cosmology and Gold Medal of the P. Gruber Foundation and the International Astronomical Union (2003)
• Lecture by Karl Jansky (2005)
• The main award of the publishing house MAIK-NAUKA for publications in the field of physics and mathematics (2007)
• Krafoord Award for Astronomy from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2008)
• Karl Schwarzschild Medal (highest award of the German Astronomical Society) (2008)
• Henry Norris Russell Award (highest distinction of the American Astronomical Society) (2008)
• King Faisal International Prize (2009)
• Kyoto Prize (2011)
• Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of the early universe and the properties of black holes" (2012)
• Einstein Professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013)
• Eddington Medal (2015)
• Ya. B. Zeldovich Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2015)
• Oscar Klein Medal (2015)
• State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2016 - for developing the theory of disk accretion of matter onto black holes

Membership in academies

• Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984)
• Active member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992)
• Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1991)
• Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1986)
• Member of the European Academy of Sciences (1990)
• Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992)
• Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995)
• Member of the Max Planck Society (1995)
• Member of the German Academy of Natural Sciences "Leopoldina" (2003)
• Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts (2004)
• Foreign Member of the Royal Society, UK (2009)

Membership in scientific societies

• Member of the International Astronomical Union (1986).
• Vice President of COSPAR (Commission for Space Research of the International Union of Scientific Unions) (1988-1994).
• Honorary Member of the American Astronomical Society (1990)
• Member of the European Astronomical Society (1991)
• Vice President of the European Astronomical Society (1991-1993)
• Member of the American Physical Society (1993)
• Foreign Member of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain (1994)
• Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia (2007)

- For me, the value of this or that award is associated primarily with the names of people who accepted this award before you. In this regard, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics is something special. To understand me, I think, it is enough to look at the constellation of the names of the greatest physicists and astronomers who have already been awarded it. It's very nice to see that it contains the names and . I would like to remind you that in 1971 the Franklin Institute's Ballantine Gold Medal in Physics was also awarded to the future Nobel Prize winner.

The very name of Benjamin Franklin, a prominent naturalist, who was, moreover, the most famous educator, diplomat and politician of the United States at the stage of formation of this country, also impresses. In America, every schoolchild knows this name.

The news about the Franklin medal was completely unexpected for me: this award is relatively rarely given to astrophysicists. I still not only don’t know, but I don’t even know who could nominate me.

- The announcement from the Franklin Institute says that you have been awarded a medal with capacious wording for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of the early Universe and the properties of black holes." Could you tell us a little more about your work for which you were awarded this medal? First of all, probably, about the work on cosmology and on the effect of reducing the brightness of the cosmic microwave background radiation in directions towards galaxy clusters - the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect?

- These works were carried out jointly with my teacher - three times Hero of Socialist Labor Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich. In general, I have uneasy feelings about all the scientific awards that have been awarded to me in the last ten or fifteen years: before that, I had no awards. It is reassuring that observations during the same period from space and from the surface of the Earth led to the discovery in the sky of the effects predicted in the late 60s and early 70s, and the wide recognition of the results obtained then. It is a pity that Yakov Borisovich did not live to see the wonderful results obtained from the BOOMERANG and MAXIMA high-altitude balloons, the surprisingly successful WMAP and Planck satellites, the ground-based South Pole Telescope, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, SZA (Sunyaev-Zel "dovich Array) and a number of others ultrasensitive experiments specially designed to detect and exploit these effects.

I am deeply grateful to the many hundreds of astronomers, physicists, engineers, specialists in the field of cryogenics and detectors of radio and submillimeter radiation, who spent decades of their lives and did everything to make the predicted effects observable.

It is amazing to think that traces of grandiose processes in the early Universe and in massive clusters of galaxies, now being discovered in the sky in submillimeter and millimeter rays, will be observed in the sky for many billions of years to come. Will astronomers remain on Earth in the distant future?

Observations are now being made from the Herschel and Planck satellites at the second Lagrange point, one and a half million kilometers from the Earth, where the bright and warm Sun, Earth and Moon are all the time on the same side of the satellite, and from the most unsuitable places on Earth for life (Atacama Cosmology The Telescope is located at an altitude of 5 km in the Chilean Andes, the South Pole Telescope is at an altitude of 2800 m at the South Pole in Antarctica), with record low humidity and atmospheric turbulence. It is not easy even to think that graduate students and young postdocs from the universities of Chicago and Berkeley remain to supervise the work of the SPT on a polar night lasting six months, when planes cannot land at the pole - it is not like writing theoretical articles at night.

Observations are carried out so intensively only because their results can give a lot for cosmology - the science of the past, present and future of our Universe, and for new physics aimed at studying the properties of dark energy and dark matter, which are not yet available for research in ground laboratories.

— It is worth highlighting your work on the theory of accretion onto black holes and neutron stars. The most famous of these works, which was co-authored with a member of the SAI MSU professor , is the most cited article (5530 references) in the world of theoretical astrophysics.

— In May 1972, Nikolai Shakura and I, while still very young people, published a preprint of an article in Russian and English on the theory of disk accretion onto black holes at the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. She appeared in the magazine a year later. Every time the "standard" theory of accretion is mentioned in connection with the award of some kind to me, I am very worried if my friend and co-author Nikolai Shakura is not mentioned among the winners. Both Kolya and I have many other works on the theory of accretion, written jointly or with other co-authors, but this work has received the greatest fame. If I had the right to vote, I would ask the committees to definitely award the co-authors of the noted works.

— There are also important results of X-ray observations of black holes and neutron stars from space obtained with your participation…

- Yes, these are the results of X-ray observations of black holes and neutron stars by the instruments of the Kvant module of the Mir space station complex and the Granat satellite. In addition, this is the discovery of unusually hard X-ray emission from supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud, associated with the radioactive decay of nickel-56, synthesized during the collapse of the star, and turning it first into radioactive cobalt-56, and then into the familiar iron. Our group (at that time very young researchers and graduate students) was able to detect the anomalously hard X-ray radiation of a supernova and prove that it appears as a result of the diffusion of gamma-ray decay quanta and the repeatedly repeated recoil effect during Compton scattering on relatively cold electrons. All these works were carried out in collaboration with scientists from Germany, England, Holland and France and had a noticeable international impact.

- How would you explain that you began to receive the most important awards in your life only in Lately, although the relevant work was done by you at a fairly young age?

- Most likely, three points play a role here. First, the integral contribution to science over a lifetime is taken into account, although only the brightest works made in youth are mentioned.

Secondly, the development of the technology of detectors of submillimeter and radio emission made it possible to discover the effects predicted with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich only in the course of the last fifteen years - it is not customary to give premiums for unconfirmed predictions.

And thirdly, man retirement age usually drops out of the competition for new results for natural reasons - it's time to give bonuses.

— There has been a lot of talk lately about Russia's possible entry into the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Now this issue is still not resolved, and if the situation does not change dramatically, then Russia will never become a member of ESO. Can you express your opinion on this?

— Without going into details of the problems associated with Russia's entry into ESO, I would like to note the following. Over the past three weeks, I have given a number of lectures at several leading US universities, where almost every day I talked with colleagues about the possibility of ground support for the international orbital astrophysical observatory "Spektr-X-ray-gamma" (which, according to plans, should be launched by Russia in 2013) the best telescopes and radio telescopes in the world. It's amazing how fast technology is advancing, how many energetic young people around different countries(talents are evenly distributed) how many new ideas.

Life is seething. It is very sad that our astronomers are largely deprived of this.

It seems to me that when we discuss the question of Russia's entry into ESO, we need to think not that it will be difficult for me and people of my age to quickly master new methods of work, new wonderful technology, the best of what the most advanced laboratories in Europe could create . We must remember the time when we ourselves were young, when everything worked out and we had the strength to work almost around the clock. We have (and every year they graduate from schools, often very far from Moscow, the best universities, postgraduate studies at the Academy of Sciences) talented guys - I have no doubt that they are no worse than their peers from other countries. The task of my generation is to give these guys a real opportunity to prove themselves in a real business.

In this regard, I want to talk about an amazing meeting at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. At the same time with me, the Benjamin Franklin Gold Medal in Computer Science and Cognitive Science (according to Wikipedia, this is a scientific direction that combines the theory of knowledge, cognitive psychology, neurophysiology, cognitive linguistics and theory artificial intelligence) was received by Vladimir Vapnik, who also previously worked at one of the institutes of our Academy of Sciences. We met the day before yesterday. Unexpectedly, during the conversation, it turned out that we graduated from the same school - No. 18 in Tashkent. Only the future professor Vapnik entered it in the hardest year of 1943, when I was born, and graduated from it in 1953, when I was in the third grade. They remembered their favorite teachers - it turned out that both he and I especially remembered the same teachers - those who taught for real. We decided that our school was excellent.

I really want young guys and girls of the same age as my eldest grandson to have a future in Russia.

We must do everything to ensure that they have the opportunity to study and work at the world level, and not talk about how bad they feel. The simplest, fastest and most effective solution today in my field of science is to enter with full rights into the world's best scientific centers, such as the European Southern Observatory. Then a circle of very strong and bright young scientists will quickly appear in our astronomy.

Source: http://www.business-gazeta.ru

THE FAMOUS ACADEMICIAN TOLD THAT YOU CAN PROTECT THE EARTH FROM ATTACKING ASTEROID BY PUTTING AN ENGINE ON IT AND CHANGING THE ORBIT, AND IT WILL NOT NEED TO BLOW IT UP

The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan celebrated the 70th anniversary of the astrophysicist Rashid Sunyaev, a man for whom the distance to the nearest stars is "very small - just a few parsecs." He is used to operating with other, unimaginable figures - millions, billions of times more. The area of ​​interest of the academician staggers the imagination - high-energy astrophysics, cosmology, black holes and neutron stars ... Yesterday, the correspondent of "BUSINESS online” she asked the hero of the day about the theory of the many-sided Universe and the opportunity to observe the past of the Earth through a telescope, and from his three sons and daughter she heard a lot of interesting things about their illustrious father.

…OR DO NOT GIVE A MEDAL

Anniversary celebrations at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan in honor of the 70th anniversary of the academicianRashida Sunyaevaturned out bright. With unusual gifts for the hero of the day and from the hero of the day - to Kazan astronomer colleagues (three laptops). With three most interesting reports - the hero of the day, his student and colleague, leading researcher of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of TatarstanMarat Gilfanova (his speech dedicated to the teacher was called “Half a century in science: from the theory of accretion and physical cosmology to X-ray satellites”) and the son of Rashid Alievich, a professor at Harvard UniversityShamilya Sunyaeva(topic - "The human genome and the genomes of other organisms").

The President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan opened the anniversary meetingAhmet Mazgarov.He presented Sunyaev - "an outstanding astrophysicist of our time, a glorious son of the Tatar people" - with the Gold Medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan "For Achievements in Science".

The gold medal obviously pleased the academician, who, in fact, has countless awards. He noted with pleasure and not without humor: “This is the first gold medal that I receive in my native country!” And… urged the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan not to lower the bar:

The value of a medal for contribution to science, an award for success in science - any scientific award - is largely determined for me and the list of people who received it before you. In this regard, the gold medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan is unique; so far only Mintimer Shaimiev and Roald Sagdeev have received it. These are two people I have the utmost respect for. Therefore, I consider this medal especially honorable... And it is extremely important that the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan does not lower the bar! Find people of such a plan or do not give (medal) ...

Academician Sunyaev was congratulated by the most famous scientists of the republic, each of whom spoke many warm words. From Kazan Federal University (Sunyaev is its honorary professor) - RectorIlshat Gafurov.From astrophysicists of Kazan- Head of the Department of Astronomy and Space Geodesy, AcademicianNail Sakhibullin (poetry!). From the Kazan Institute of Physics and Technology, KIPT - its director, academicianKev Salikhov…

Congratulations from the first President of the Republic of TatarstanMintimer Shaimiev and Speaker of the State Council of the Republic of TatarstanFarida Mukhametshina (he is in Strasbourg, he could not come), the vice-speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan conveyedRimma Ratnikova.

I WHISPERED TO SAGDEEV: “SHOULD I SAY A FEW WORDS TO DAD IN TATAR?”

Talking about his biography, he showed a photo where he himself and his boss at that time - the director of the Space Research InstituteRoald Sagdeev– at the reception of the Pope. And he remembered the following episode: “We were told that the Pope speaks any language, and everyone can talk to him in their own language. I whispered to Sagdeev: “Maybe I should say a few words to the Pope in Tatar?” Him: "Don't." And there, with the Pope, they spoke German, English, French, Ukrainian ... "

Academician Sunyaev also spoke about the fact that two people played a special role in his life - his father and academicianYakov Zel'dovich.

Rashid Alievich told a funny - and surprisingly revealing - case about Zeldovich. The young scientist Sunyaev made a presentation at the FIAN (Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences), and the audience categorically did not accept the new ideas. One of the gray-haired scientists said so: “Everything is wrong! It can't be!"

And then, somewhere at the end of the report, when I was completely beaten, Zeldovich comes in. He sees the situation and says one phrase: “But Rashid is right.” And then I look - the whole room begins to nod their heads! Then I realized what it means when you have heavy artillery behind you ...

IN THE UNIVERSE 3 MILLION. SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES

Quite quickly, in 15 minutes, having finished with a biography, Rashid Alievich turned to his scientific work. Of course, he didn’t talk about everything he does, no lecture would be enough for this, even if it lasted all day, because in the field of scientific interests of the academician - high-energy astrophysics, cosmology, the theory of background radiation of the Universe, physics of the intergalactic medium ... The topics sound fascinating his scientific research: the study of the interaction of radiation and plasma in extreme astrophysical conditions: in the early universe, in the nuclei of galaxies and quasars; methods of searching and identifying black holes and neutron stars…

The academician spoke in such a way that not only whispers, rustles were heard in the hall ... The ease of transition from gigantic to vanishingly small quantities was especially surprising - astrophysics operates on both.

Try to imagine: 1.5 thousand galaxies that are in a common gravitational well. The speeds of these galaxies are about 1 thousand km per second (!). The space between the galaxies is filled with hot gas with a temperature of 30 to 100 million (!) degrees ... There are 3 million supermassive "black holes" in the Universe. And here is another figure that astrophysics also deals with: the density in that very cluster of galaxies is one electron per 30 cubic centimeters (how was it even found there?).

PUTIN AND THE DARK ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE

Sunyaev enthusiastically talked about the fact that only a few percent of a massive cluster of galaxies are stars, 15% is hot gas (remember the temperature?), and 80% - “we don’t know what it is!” This is a dark substance (apparently dark in every sense). "We're investigating the properties of this dark substance, but no one in the lab can see it yet."

The academician said: “In the cluster of galaxies, you can also find the properties of dark energy. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putincame, looked at our satellite project and got terribly interested, asked, what is it - dark energy? This dark energy, I think, people will never be able to observe in the laboratory. The only way to find out about it (and this, according to Sunyaev, is “the force that drives the world today”) is to observe in a cluster of galaxies ...

WE ARE NOT READY TO PROTECT OUR EARTH YET, EVERYONE UNDERSTAND THIS

Academician Sunyaev answered questions from the audience, and then from journalists. Newspaper "BUSINESS Online » details told about a strike from space in February of this year, when a meteorite exploded over the Chelyabinsk region, the mass of which is estimated at about 50 tons, and its diameter is 3 meters. Is there any chance that our Earth will meet another space guest within the next 100 - 200 years?

The academician stressed how important it is to know in advance about such an “attack” on Earth:

If the asteroid is small and it could destroy an area 50 by 50 kilometers in the countryside, you need to evacuate the area if you can give people a day's notice. Astronomers will be able to do this... But if this threatens a city of one million people, here you need to think about what can be done, how... There are different projects. But all this requires huge funding. We are not yet ready to defend our Earth, everyone understands this.

To the question of whether it is possible to blow up a meteorite flying towards the Earth, the academician answered as follows:

This is the easiest way that comes to mind. But not everything is so simple. Because sometimes it might be better if one big body falls. It is necessary to calculate everything ... You can put an engine to the asteroid, which will quietly push it. Our Earth is very small, and if you put such an engine on an asteroid far enough, you can change its orbit a little bit, so that it will fly by. And it will not be necessary to blow up anything, and it will be easier to deliver such an engine ... People are now thinking about different possibilities. The most important thing is to detect in advance, warn and see what can be done ...

In passing, the academician remarked that "astrophysics has suddenly become an applied science."

IN VERY MANY BANDS OUR EARTH IS MUCH BRIGHTER THAN THE SUN

The absolutely fantastic “plots” that the academician spoke about prompted the correspondent of “BUSINESS online to asking him almost fantastic questions.

- Rashid Alievich, In the interview, you talked about the fact that every year in astrophysics brings new knowledge, that perhaps we can look far into the past, we can talk about a time when the age of the Universe was an insignificant fraction of a second. But will it not be possible to observe past life on planets through a telescope, and from other planets - the past on Earth? Such a virtual time machine?

I think it's impossible. Many years ago, people did not know a single planet, except for the planets of the solar system. Today, I don’t remember the exact number, but more than 800 planets are known from other stars ... Now the task is to find planets the same as the Earth, which have about the same temperature, about the same gravity, which have oxygen and water. That is, in principle, there must be life ... And so many people are thrown into this. When we have a few hundred planets that are almost the same as our Earth, I think we will learn a lot about the origin of life. If you look at our Earth from afar, it turns out that in very many frequency ranges - where we work mobile phones, television stationsour Earth is much brighter than the Sun ... I think if we found something like that near any of these planets, it would be a man-made era. Will we see it, no?.. We are now observing the planets, they are all very close to us, the distance to these stars is very small - only a few parsecs ... These are the stars closest to us, and we are talking about distances of millions, billions of times more. And even in this insignificant piece of the Galaxy, next to us, we already see 800 planets. Can you imagine how many planets there are in this Galaxy?! That is, completely unusual opportunities are opening up, we will learn a lot, a lot in the next few decades.

- What is all this - our Universe: is it possible that it is just in some spring leaf of another Universe? Does the whole universe also live in some leaf on our tree?

Well, I don’t think that there is a Universe in a green leaf ... But there is such a scientist, Stanford University professor Andrey Linde, he was one of the first who put forward the theory of the many-sided Universe - that there is an infinite number of Universes with completely different parameters. And what worries physicists now: are there any, at least indirect, confirmations of this? If another Universe is absolutely independent of ours, then there are other physical laws, and we cannot know them in any way ...

Academician Sunyaev said that on March 21, as he put it, "a huge press conference in Paris" will take place, at which scientists will talk about the new results of the work of the Planck satellite of the European Space Agency.

SUNYAEV FAMILY

A rare case - the entire family of the Sunyaevs - spouses and their four children - gathered for a press conference in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. At the request of the press, the three sons and daughter of the academician spoke a little about themselves.

Shamil Sunyaev(answered the question of the newspaper "BUSINESS Online » about father):

I cannot evaluate my father as a scientist, I work in a completely different field. I can evaluate him either as a son, or from a general standpoint, because I understand what he does and what his contribution to science is… From my father, I took industriousness in the first place, although I’m not sure that it was successful enough. Assertiveness, thoughtfulness, purposefulness ... ( Shamil also told reporters that he is married and has two children).

Usman Sunyaev:

I am the only one of my sons who did not get into science, I head the department IT in a Moscow bank. Dad instilled in me a love of work, that you need to work 24 hours a day. Mom and dad will confirm - if I come on vacation, I work at the computer on vacation ... Wherever I am, the phone is always torn. Let's hope that someday, when I'm 70 - 80 years old, someone will say good things about me. And I am the only one who remained from the family in Russia, I live in Moscow ... I have two daughters: the eldest Aliya, the youngest Alsou.əş it Ğ ali u ğ l ı S ө n ə yev , Rashit Gali uly Sonnev) - an outstanding Soviet and Russian astrophysicist, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Born March 1, 1943 in Tashkent, in a Tatar family originating from Mordovia. Studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and postgraduate studies at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1973), professor. Headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics of the Institute for Space Research (IKI) RAS, since 1992 - Chief Researcher of the IKI RAS. Director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching (Germany).

In collaboration with Zeldovich, he created a theory known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, according to which the cosmic microwave background radiation in space gradually dissipates under the influence of electrons.

Together with Nikolai Shakura developed a model of accretion disks that are formed when matter falls onto a black hole and serve as the cause of strong X-ray emission from binary systems in which one of the stars is a black hole or a neutron star.

Sunyaev was involved in important research into the early universe, including studies on the recombination of hydrogen in the universe and the emergence of angular fluctuations in the CMB. He led a team that carried out observations with instruments on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. Using this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-ray radiation from a supernova was recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. Sunyaev's group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the satellites "Granat" and "INTEGRAL", and is currently preparing the international astrophysical project "Spektr-X-ray-Gamma". At the Institute of Astrophysics of the Society. Max Planck Sunyaev works in the field of theoretical high-energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and also participates in the interpretation of data from the spacecraft of the European Space Agency ( ESA) "Planck".

Academician Sunyaev has numerous awards, including: the Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988), the Fundamental Science Prize of the International Academy of Astronautics (1990), the Memorial Scientific Prize. John Lindsay Space Center Goddard, NASA, USA (1991), Newcastle University Robinson Prize in Cosmology, UK (1995), Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal (1995), Royal Society and COSPAR Sir Messi Gold Medal (1998), Katherine Bruce Gold Medal Pacific Astronomical Society (2000), State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars using X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory GRANATE in 1990 - 1998, International Scientific Prize (Physics) named after. King of Faisal (2009), the Kyoto Prize (2011), the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of the early Universe and the properties of black holes" (2012), etc.

On March 18, 2013 he was awarded the Order of Merit for the Republic of Tatarstan.

Sunyaev is a member of more than 20 academies from different countries, including an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995).

(From Wikipedia)

Rashid Sunyaev August 9, 2019

Lecture by Karl Jansky (2005)

Kyoto Prize (2011)

Eddington Medal (2015)

Ya. B. Zeldovich Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2015)

Oscar Klein Medal (2015)

State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2016 - for the creation of the theory of disk accretion of matter onto black holes

Marcel Grossman Award, ICRANet (2018)

Dirac Medal (together with V. F. Mukhanov, A. A. Starobinsky, for 2019)

Membership in academies

Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984)
Active member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992)
Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1991)
Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1986)
Member of the European Academy of Sciences (1990)
Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992)
Honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (1995)
Member of the Max Planck Society (1995)
Member of the German Academy of Natural Sciences "Leopoldina" (2003)
Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts (2004)
Foreign Member of the Royal Society, UK (2009)

Membership in scientific societies

Member of the International Astronomical Union (1986)
Vice President of the Space Research Commission of the International Union of Scientific Unions (1988-1994)
Honorary Member of the American Astronomical Society (1990)
Member of the European Astronomical Society (1991)
Vice President of the European Astronomical Society (1991-1993)
Fello of the American Physical Society (1993)
Foreign Member of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain (1994)
Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia (2007)

Family of Rashid Sunyaev

The eldest son is Shamil Sunyaev, a professor at Harvard Medical School.
The youngest son is Ali Sunyaev, a professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

28.02.2020

Sunyaev Rashid Alievich

Russian Scientist

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

Astrophysicist

Russian Scientist. Astrophysicist. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Russia. Member of the Academic Council of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. One of the leaders in world astrophysics, whose name is associated with the fundamental results of modern theoretical astrophysics and cosmology, which are included in textbooks and university courses in theoretical astrophysics and physical cosmology all over the world. Laureate of State Prizes of the Russian Federation.

Rashid Sunyaev was born on March 1, 1943 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. After school he left for Moscow, where he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Lomonosov Moscow State University. in parallel, he studied at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and graduate school at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor. He headed the Department of High Energy Astrophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1992, he has been a chief researcher at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and director of the German Institute for Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society in Garching.

In collaboration with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, he created a theory known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, according to which the cosmic microwave background radiation gradually dissipates under the influence of electrons. Sunyaev, together with Shakura, developed a model of accretion disks that are formed when matter falls into a black hole and cause strong X-ray emission from binary systems in which one of the stars is a black hole or a neutron star.

Participated in important studies of the early Universe, including research on the recombination of hydrogen in the Universe and the emergence of angular fluctuations in the CMB. He led a team that carried out observations with instruments on the Kvant module, which was part of the Mir orbital station. Using this module, in 1987, for the first time, hard X-ray radiation from a supernova was recorded, associated with the decay of radioactive nickel synthesized during the death of a star, turning into radioactive cobalt and then into iron. His group at IKI was responsible for astrophysical observations from the Granat and Integral satellites. And at the present time he is engaged in the preparation of the international astrophysical project Spectrum-X-ray-Gamma.

At the Institute for Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society, he works in the field of theoretical high-energy astrophysics and physical cosmology, and also participates in the interpretation of data from the Planck spacecraft of the European Space Agency.

Rashid Sunyaev August 9, 2019 received a prestigious award in the field of physics: the Dirac medal for outstanding contributions to modern cosmology. The scientist is noted for research that was able to turn cosmology into an exact scientific discipline by combining the physics of the microcosm with studies of the large-scale structure of the universe.

Awards and Recognition of Rashid Sunyaev

Bruno Rossi Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1988)

Fundamental Science Prize of the International Academy of Astronautics (1990)

Memorial Science Prize. John Lindsay Space Center. Goddard, NASA, USA (1991)

Robinson Prize in Cosmology, Newcastle University, UK (1995)

Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal (1995)

Sir Messi Gold Medal of the Royal Society and COSPAR (1998)

Catherine Bruce Gold Medal of the Pacific Astronomical Society (2000)

State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology in 2000 for the study of black holes and neutron stars using the X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysical observatory "GRANAT" in 1990-1998

Alexander Fridman Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2002 for a series of works "The effect of reducing the brightness of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the direction of clusters of galaxies"

Danny Heineman Prize in Astrophysics from the American Institute of Physics and the American Astronomical Society (2003)

Gruber Prize for Cosmology and Gold Medal of the P. Gruber Foundation and the International Astronomical Union (2003)

Lecture by Karl Jansky (2005)

The main award of the publishing house MAIK-NAUKA for publications in the field of physics and mathematics (2007)

Crafoord Prize for Astronomy from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2008)

Karl Schwarzschild Medal (highest award of the German Astronomical Society) (2008)

Henry Norris Russell Award (highest distinction of the American Astronomical Society) (2008)

King Faisal International Prize (2009)

Kyoto Prize (2011)

Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of the early universe and the properties of black holes" (2012)

Einstein Professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013)