What is the retirement age in different countries. The size of the pension in European countries. Trends in pension legislation

Pensions in European countries have long exceeded the level of payments in the CIS. The size of the pension in the European Union depends on the policies of the states, the retirement age, the percentage of deductions from each salary and other factors. To deserve high pension, every European must fulfill a number of strict conditions. Only in this case can you count on a secure old age. Having worked the required number of years for the state, pensioners will receive a decent reward and will be able to afford to travel and live in abundance.

Differences between pension systems in European countries and in the Russian Federation

The government of European countries is interested in ensuring a high standard of living for people in retirement. European pension reforms are associated with an increase in the retirement age. This is due to the fact that many people work in retirement. In addition, employers give preference to experienced workers with honed labor skills, rather than young unskilled personnel.

Prosperous countries prioritize pension reforms to improve the lives of older people.

In Russia, the recent pension reform did not change the lives of citizens. The majority of pensioners living in Russia cannot pay for housing and communal services and food. Standard of living Russian pensioners significantly lower than in Europe.

Pension systems are divided into the following types:

• solidarity;
• accumulative;
• government;
• non-state;
• insurance.

European countries use several systems at the same time. Pensioners can participate not only in one, but for this you need to take into account the length of service, salary, number of employers, total family income and other features.

Every European, being of working age, tries to fulfill all the conditions for decent benefits in the future. In addition, many participate in corporate programs, create personal savings, and invest in insurance companies.

The financial income of Russian citizens in 2019 does not allow them to independently provide for old age, and state pensions leave much to be desired. The size of pensions in the EU is much higher.

Let's look at the differences between pension systems in the table.

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Parameters that determine the size of the pension

Each European country has different parameters that determine the size of the pension. There are several main indicators:

• average wage in year;
• seniority;
• indexing;
• position held;
• the specifics of the profession (military personnel, doctors, researchers, civil servants);
• living wage;
• having a disability;
• other perks.

Retirement age and life expectancy of pensioners

Working citizens are the main source of filling the budget. The well-being and standard of living of pensioners depends on their income. To change the situation for the better, the states are heading for an increase in the retirement age. These measures will stabilize the situation and create comfortable living conditions for the elderly population.

In Europe, working pensioners are not uncommon, because many people are energetic and active enough to continue working. At the same time, employers value employees with experience and in every possible way welcome able-bodied pensioners.

The retirement age in European countries is 65-67 years.

For those citizens who work longer, additional privileges, benefits and increase in the level of payments are provided.

The life expectancy of pensioners in EU countries is quite high. For example, in Germany it is 80 years, in France - 81 years, in Norway - 90 years, in the UK - 79 years.

After retirement, EU residents lead an active lifestyle, travel, play sports, providing themselves good health and excellent health.

The level of medicine in the EU countries is one of the highest in the world. For European pensioners, care in modern clinics is absolutely free, which contributes to an increase in life expectancy.

Having the necessary work experience, the pensioner will receive decent payments and will be able to have a high level of well-being.

Conclusion

EU governments are constantly improving pension system trying to provide a high standard of living for pensioners. The longer a person works, the greater the payment he can count on.

The European Union sets an example for other countries - Russia, Belarus, Ukraine. As practice shows, residents in other countries can use the experience of Europeans and make savings on their own, which will increase the size of the pension by 20-40%. It remains for governments to create favorable conditions for this, relying on the practice of their Western neighbors.

What are pensions in Europe, USA, Canada? Facts from Ted! : Video

About the phased raising the retirement age in Russia from 2019. One of the main arguments in favor of the need for an urgent decision on this issue, the Cabinet of Ministers indicates that Russia is the last country that has not adjusted the retirement age set in the USSR back in the 1930s.

Indeed, in many other countries similar changes have already taken place or are planned in the near future. Yes, according to information international organization Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 30 out of 37 member countries of this organization are already adjusting the retirement age or plan to do so in the near future.

It must be admitted that the new retirement age in Russia (60 years for women and 65 years for men, taking into account that began in 2019) is still lower than in many other countries of the world - not only in developed countries, but also in many developing countries. (including in the CIS countries, former republics of the USSR) - see.

However, when comparing this standard in Russia and other countries, many other parameters must be taken into account:

• average life expectancy and its dynamics;
• wages and taxes;
• labor market and unemployment rate;
• the amount of pensions that will be due to citizens of these states upon reaching retirement age, etc.

At the moment, in most foreign countries, the retirement age is already 60-65 for women and 63-65 for men. However, the European Commission has already discussed plans to further increase this limit by 2060 to 70 years.

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Table - Retirement age in different countries of the world (2020)

As noted earlier, the decision to change the retirement age is made not only in Russia. In some countries, new increased standards have already been established, in others the transition period is practically ending, and some have only just decided to adjust the retirement age in the near future (as, for example, the Government of Russia under the leadership of Dmitry Medvedev did).

The values ​​of the retirement age established in different countries world for 2020, as well as already announced plans to adjust these values ​​in the future are presented in the table:

It should be noted that in all these countries pension systems are built on a different basis, since there are differences in the ratio of working and non-working citizens, in the tax system, in the state of the economy and the labor market, in the life expectancy of the population, etc.

Thus, cannot be directly compared values ​​with other states, as well as to draw any unambiguous conclusions from this without conducting a deep comprehensive analysis.

Retirement age in Europe

In all European countries, the established values ​​of the retirement age are gradually adjusted depending on what is happening in the state. social change in general. Existing regulations in different countries of the European Union and other European countries differ, but it is worth noting that they all above the limits set for Russians for 2018 (55 and 60 years).

The first country in Europe to embark on a major pension reform is Italy. Until 2012, in this state, the retirement age was set for women at 60 years old, for men - 65. But since 2012, the authorities have begun to increase these values, which will continue until 2021, when a new single value will be established - 67 years old. Moreover, in this country, for the appointment of a pension, it is necessary at least 20 years pay insurance premiums, and it will be possible to leave early only if there is a certain length of service:

• women - 41 years 10 months;
• men - 42 years 10 months.

In France in 2017, the retirement age was extended from 60 to 62.5 years, and the authorities plan to increase it by 2023 up to 67 years(However, a final decision on this has not yet been made, primarily because the "labor reform" is met with strong rejection among the country's population).

Early in France can issue pension payments only those persons who:

• started working at the age of 18;
• received a disability;
• suffered from an accident at work;
• are participants in the war;
• have at least 41 years of work experience, etc.

In Ukraine now there is an increase in the pension age for women: by 2021 it will equal the standard established for men - it will increase to 60 years (in 2019 it is 59 years). In addition, from 01/01/2018, the minimum length of service required for processing payments has been increased from 15 to 25 years, and by 2028 this value will be increased to 35 years.

Retirement age in Germany

In Germany, the population was informed about the future reform in 2007, and it started only 5 years later - in 2012. The reform provides for adjusting the retirement age from 65 to 67 years for men and women. It is noteworthy that in this country the smoothest transition to the new standards according to the following plan:

• From 2012 to 2024 there is an increase 1 month per year, i.e. during this period there will be an adjustment from 65 to 66 years.
• From 2024 the value of age will increase 2 months per year until it reaches 67 years.

For German citizens who have worked at least 45 years old have the option of early retirement at 63. Besides, any citizen can arrange payments ahead of schedule before reaching the age of 67, but for this it will be necessary to return to the country's budget for each early month 0.3% of their pension savings (that is, minus 3.6% for one full year ahead).

Retirement age in England

Since 2010, there has been an increase in the retirement age for the female population of the UK from 60 to 65 years. For 2018, the country has established a single value for men and women of the upper limit of the period of working capacity - 65 years old. But the country's authorities did not stop there - the following adjustments are already planned:

• in 2019-2020, the value of the retirement period will be increased to 66 years;
• in 2026-2028 there will be an increase to 67 years;
• an increase to 68 years is planned for 2044-2046.

The reason for these adjustments is increase in life expectancy in the UK, which is already making it difficult for the pension system to keep up with payments to current pensioners.

In the UK, citizens are motivated to retire late: for each additional year of work they can receive an increase in pension up to 25% of wages.

US retirement age

Initially, a single retirement age in the United States for men and women was set back in 1935 - this 65 years old. In 1983, this standard was adjusted up to 67 years, and the increase was carried out very smoothly - annually for 2 months with a break in 2009-2020.

The values ​​of the retirement age in the United States are presented in the table:

As can be seen from the presented table, the value of the upper limit of the "working period" for US citizens strictly depends on their year of birth. In 2018, men and women born in 1952 retire when they reach the age of 66. Starting from 2021, when citizens born in 1955 will have to retire, the retirement age will again begin to increase in increments of 2 months per year until it is reached over the next 6 years final value 67 years for women and men.

For Americans, a system of early payment processing is also provided. from 62 years old, but at the same time they lose a significant part of the funds ( from 20 to 30% depending on year of birth). The reverse option is also provided: for late processing of payments ( at 70), monthly provision for US citizens increases by 24%.

Retirement age in different countries of the world.

The table shows:

• boundaries and rates of raising the retirement age in different countries: current retirement age and planned (future)
• life expectancy,
• pension replacement rate in different countries (The replacement rate serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of the insurance pension system, it allows you to assess the level of replacement by a pension of the employee’s lost earnings. According to Convention No. 102 “On minimum norms social security» The replacement rate must be at least 40% of the salary of a citizen in the working period. However, in Russia, the mechanism for measuring the replacement rate does not correspond to international practice and does not reflect reality.)

Raising the retirement age is due to the aging of the population and is taking place in many countries.

It is expected that by 2050 the dependency ratio of older people (from 65 years old) in the EU countries will increase on average by 1.7 times, and in countries such as Ireland, Slovakia, Poland, Greece, Lithuania and Spain - more than twice .
Currently, the small generation of the 1990s is entering the labor market, and the large generation of the 1950s is leaving the working age.

According to Rosstat, the dependency ratio for older people in Russia will increase by 1.5 times from 2017 to 2051.

Actually, the main factor pushing countries to raise the retirement age is the problem of ensuring an acceptable level of pensions and the burden on the economy of the pension system.

This is one of the global trends. It was the first time in Western countries that such a norm was put into practice. The reform of the pension system was explained by the growth of the average life expectancy of citizens, which is a recognized fact. But this innovation has other objective grounds.

Consider at what age people retire in various countries peace. What are the ages and how do they differ. How global trends affect states of social orientation. What is the future of mankind, in terms of providing for the elderly.

World indicators

Statistics show that the average retirement age in the world is 65 years. However, this is a relative value. After all, out of 251 states that exist in 2020, no more than half have already created a pension insurance system. For example, in India there is no such a priori. The same can be said about Thailand, Iraq, Pakistan and many others.

The disability insurance system is one of the best achievements of democracy. It is being implemented in developed countries. The first pension was granted in Germany in 1880. Moreover, the institution of pension insurance is being built on different principles. And in those states where it is not yet available, younger relatives are engaged in the maintenance of the elderly. For example, in China, the obligation to financially support mom and dad in old age falls on the son.

Interesting: the first mention of payments, essentially similar to a pension, is contained in the documents of the Paris Audit Office. The records date back to the time of Louis XI-th (XV century). Allowances of various sizes were assigned to employees of the royal court, retiring due to old age.

Three systems

Currently, old-age insurance systems are developing in three alternative ways. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. And systems were formed taking into account the traditional features of a particular society. The difference lies in the principle of creating a financial base for subsequent payments to insured persons.

They are the following:

1. Individually cumulative. The applicant invests his own funds in a specialized fund under a payment agreement after reaching a certain number of years. Such a system is popular in the USA, Great Britain, Germany and others.
2. Distribution. This technique assumes the presence of a state agency (in the Russian Federation this is the FIU). Such is engaged in collection fees, the amount of which is established at the legislative level. Applicants for maintenance in old age apply to a state agency for a pension and receive money from the solidarity budget.
3. Social. The technique was created on the territory of the USSR. Its peculiarity is the financing of pensions from the state budget.

Welfare states set more liberal rules for residents. People get the opportunity to retire early. The use of an individual-accumulative methodology leads to the influence of owners of private funds on the legislative process. They are lobbying for the adoption of regulations that increase the age parameter so as not to lose profits.

Gender consideration

For questions pension provision citizens of the country approach differently. The developed tend to transfer the function to private enterprises, while the developing ones keep it for themselves, but implement it in a reduced volume. Fundamentally, there is a question of taking into account the gender characteristic in the formation of the relevant legislation. The authorities of some powers have long ago equalized the rights of women and men, while others still adhere to traditional views.

The gender principle does not take into account:

• Japan;
• Denmark;
• Germany;
• Hungary and others.

Women still have privileges in determining the age parameter over men in:

• Russia;
• Switzerland;
• France;
• Kazakhstan and others.

Table of retirement years in different countries of the world

Below are the statistics disseminated through the media. Analyzing them, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the system of different states.

The lowest rates

Before all and women in social states. First of all, they include the post-Soviet powers:

• Russia;
• Ukraine;
• Belarus.

In them, and men - in 60. But in these countries reforms are already underway. So, changed in Ukraine. They are raised to 65/63 years.

Social traditions are strong in the Netherlands. Here is the minimum age threshold for compulsory participation in labor activity in the entire West. Men and women may not work from the age of 51. This is the minimum.

Maximum age criterion

Legislators set the retirement age based on two important factors:

• national features;
• average life expectancy.

A similar technique, applied in Japan, has made the country a leader in terms of the duration of compulsory employment of citizens. Here, men and women can receive a pension only at the age of seventy. But even after reaching it, many are in no hurry to rest. In Japan, the cult of labor is developed. Local residents are so fond of the profession that they work 16 hours a day. And often remain in the service until the age of 80.

Reference: in second place in terms of duration of employment are several powers at once, in which people are entitled to a pension at 67 years old (see table).

Peculiarities of pension systems

Most powers use a combination of systems in practice. So, part of the payments is financed from the solidarity budget, as in the Russian Federation from the PFR. And some citizens make savings for old age on their own. In most cases, the pensions of people who have worked for a certain time in power are financed from the budget. And ordinary workers are faced with the need to take care of old age on their own.

In developing countries, the pension system began to be formed only in 2000. Therefore, the population of those does not receive money from the budget. For example, in China, until recently, retired civil servants and the military could count on payments. The same system is in place in Vietnam and India in 2020.

In China, the system has changed since 2017. A small allowance is now allocated from the budget for elderly citizens living in rural areas, without taking into account the length of service. Citizens can't count on it. They are supported by family and friends.

Interesting: despite the constant hostilities in the Syrian Republic, the social system has been preserved. The minimum pension here is about $200. And it keeps paying off.

Payout amount

Age of retirement is not the only factor influencing the situation of the elderly. The amount that they receive in their hands is often critical.

The table shows the average indicators in the context of individual powers.

World Trends

Problems with the maintenance of elderly citizens exist in all powers. They are of a financial nature and generally do not depend on the implemented system. The main ones are:

1. To ensure the planned financing of payments, it is necessary to increase the average contribution to the distribution fund. The number of insured people is constantly decreasing due to the increase in life expectancy, which means the prevalence of the share of pensioners in the total population. The authorities constantly make injections into the Pension Fund from the state budget.
2. Non-state funds earn money on the stock exchange. Most of them went bankrupt and are in the process of bankruptcy. Non-state foundations also receive financial support from their state budgets.

Experts state the imperfection of all available methods of providing pensions to citizens. Reforms were carried out after 2000 in the UK, Sweden, Germany and others. Essentially, the law is changed as follows:

• increased minimum experience work to receive maintenance in old age;
• the age threshold has been raised.

However, these changes did not remove the main problem. Employed people cannot provide enough funds to finance benefits for the elderly. This is a worldwide problem to be solved by specialists. So far, a way has been chosen to reduce the period for receiving old-age benefits. The age threshold is increasing everywhere, and the amount of payments is decreasing.

It is necessary to think over and implement a fundamentally different scheme of financing. For example, experts are considering the option of spreading the tradition of supporting parents throughout the world. That is, the state seeks to relieve itself of concerns about the elderly population and shift those to close old people or private structures.

Retirement age and life expectancy around the world

Listen

The government today proposed raising the retirement age for men to 65 and for women to 63. Previously, the authorities plan to increase the retirement age year by year from 2019. Now the retirement age for men and women is 55 and 60 respectively.

We decided to find out when residents of neighboring countries go on a well-deserved rest, and how popular the practice of raising the retirement age is among them.

Europe

Now in Finland, the retirement age ranges from 63 to 68 years for both women and men. At the same time, Finns have a financial incentive to retire later.

However, the local government has long been discussing the possibility of reducing minimum age retirement before age 65. According to the authorities, this measure is necessary to maintain the current level of taxes, which is considered one of the highest in Europe.

It is worth noting that the increase in the retirement age is a global trend. Since 2014, a number of EU countries have begun to consistently raise the retirement age by an average of six months a year. For example, in Belgium, Italy, Austria, Greece, Portugal and Germany, by 2020 this figure will reach 67 years.

The increase in the retirement age in the EU directly depends on the increase in life expectancy. More precisely, from the consequences of the aging of the population of Union Europe and the reduction in natural population growth. If EU residents keep the retirement threshold low, then the authorities will have to raise taxes to provide senior citizens with pension payments, which will quickly strangle the European economy.

In Norway, the retirement age is 67 years, but in the future it is planned to raise this figure to 75 years for men. At the same time, the average life expectancy of Norwegian women in 2016 reached 84 years, and for men it exceeded 80 years.

In the Baltic countries, life expectancy varies between 75 and 77 years. And the growth of the retirement age is moving forward. For example, the Estonian authorities this year raised it from 63.25 to 63.5 years, in Latvia they become pensioners at 63.25 years, and in Lithuania at 63.67 years.

But the Sejm of Poland went against the general trend. Last October, the Law and Justice party in power fulfilled its election promise and, despite the law adopted in 2012 to gradually increase the retirement age to 67 for men and women, lowered this threshold to 60 for women and 65 for men. This year, this initiative cost the state budget 2.3 billion euros.

CIS countries

Belarus has been implementing a reform of raising the retirement age since last year. In 2022, this figure should reach 63 years for men and 58 years for women. However, local legislators plan to equalize the retirement age for both sexes from 2023 and increase the retirement threshold for women to 63 years. Presumably, such a measure is necessary to keep the pension at the level of 40% of the average salary.

In other neighbors of Russians, in Ukraine, the right to retire for men and women is achieved at the age of 60 and 58.5, respectively. But within three years, the retirement age for women will also rise to 60.

The pension system of Kazakhstan is moving approximately according to a similar scenario. Now local men begin to receive a pension at 63 years old, and women - at 58.5 years old. However, the retirement age for women is increased annually by six months and by 2027 it will be equal to that of men.

And in Armenia, women and men retire the same way - at 63 years old. However, even there, specialists from the Ministry of Labor thought about raising this indicator to 65 years in order to reduce the cost of pensions.

In Georgia, the retirement age today for women is 60 years, and for men - 65. In Azerbaijan, women receive the right to retire at 60.5, and men - at 63.5. By 2021, these terms will increase to 62 and 65 years, respectively.

Asia

In Mongolia, the retirement age is the same as in Russia: for women - 55 years, and for men - 60 years. At the same time, the average life expectancy of the Mongols is lower than that of the Russians by 2.7 years, and is 70 years.

In China, the pension bar was set in the middle of the 20th century, when life expectancy did not exceed 40 years. However, even now the right to retire in China is received by women at the age of 50 and men at 60. At the same time, as of 2016, the Chinese live an average of 76.5 years.

And in Japan, life expectancy has increased to 83.7 years and is considered the highest in the world. In addition, the country ranks first in the ranking in terms of the number of pensioners, there are already about 30 million of them. According to the forecast, by 2030 they could make up 57% of the total population.

The Japanese now retire at 62. But local authorities plan to raise the retirement age in 2025 to 65 years. Although this indicator is more controlled by private companies, which, depending on the agreements, can let employees retire at the age of 60 or 65, or at 70.

Thus, the trend towards an increase in the retirement age is justified by two factors: an increase in life expectancy and a desire to reduce the cost of pension payments. Unfortunately, the Russian pension reform is explained by the second factor and threatens to leave working citizens with only 5-7 years of life "for themselves" if nothing changes with the average life expectancy in the next few years.

In addition, the average pension at the moment - just over 14 thousand rubles - does not at all look like a worthy remuneration for 40-45 years of work experience. Earlier, in one of ours, we noted that bank deposits are considered the most reliable way to save for retirement. Now the average rate on savings deposits is 6.5%, and the average salary in Russia, according to Rosstat for March, is 42.3 thousand rubles. If you make a deposit for five years with a monthly replenishment of 10 thousand rubles, then by the end of the deposit term, the account will have more than 850 thousand rubles.

Later, the deposit can be reissued already with the accumulated amount, but the replenishment amount remains the same.