How hypnosis affects the human body. The effect of hypnosis on the human body. Form of mental state

“… to hypnotize means to put to sleep, as a mother puts her child to sleep…”

K.I.Platonov

"... It would be ridiculous to think that hypnotism grew up somewhere on the side, behind the doors of the temple of science, that this is a foundling raised by ignoramuses. One can only say that the ignoramuses coddled her enough and seized her with their hands."

A.A.Tokarsky

“At the end of 1990, in the city of Konstanz, the former Federal Republic of Germany, the 5th European Congress was held, dedicated to the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine. The vast majority of congress participants, hypnologists, came to the conclusion that none of the existing scientific schools could explain hypnosis and its effects, so the hypnologist must build his practice, relying on his own experience and medical intuition.

V.V. Kondrashov

1. Theory of hypnosis.

1.1. Brain, psyche. Device, main characteristics.

-- Two hemispheres (characteristics, main features of functioning);

-- The structure of the psyche (consciousness, subconsciousness, censorship: main characteristics).

-- The main three states of a person (OSS, sleep, ASC).

1.2. Basic postulates of the theory of hypnosis.

-- definition, basic theories of hypnosis, views on hypnosis by modern scientists.

-- two main directions of hypnosis: classical (clinical, therapeutic, Pavlovsk school) and modern (awake hypnosis, Ericksonian approach). Definition, characteristics.

- suggestive factors for the onset of a hypnotic state.

- the basic rules of hypnosis.

1.3. stages of hypnosis.

- three stages (light, medium, deep; preliminary stage - suggestion).

-- stages and degrees of depth of hypnotic sleep (classification by E.S. Katkov, 1957)

-- stages of deep hypnosis according to E. Hilgard.

-- properties of deep hypnosis (amnesia, analgesia, hypermnesia, anesthesia).

- phenomena of the psyche in the last stage of hypnosis, somnambulistic (according to S.Yu. Myshlyaev, 1993).

-- methods for determining the depth of hypnotic trance (according to Kondrashov)

1.4. Types of hypnosis.

-- types and directions of hypnosis (therapeutic, Ericksonian, psychological waking hypnosis, etc.)

-- waking hypnosis according to S. Gorin.

-- a seven-step model of suggestive influence on the human psyche by M. Erickson.

- psychoanalytic theory of hypnosis.

1.6. Methods of influence in hypnosis. (according to I.I. Bul, 1974).

-- auditory analyzer;

-- visual analyzer;

-- skin analyzer.

1.5. Antisuggestion and countersuggestion.

-- definitions;

- types of countersuggestion.

1.6. Self-hypnosis.

-- Definitions, main characteristics.

2. Hypnosis technique.

2.1. Methods of immersion in hypnotic trance.

2.2. Psychotechnology of hypnosis.

2.3. Methodical methods and techniques of hypnosis.

2.4. Variants of immersion in hypnosis, exit from hypnosis, coding formulas.

The theory of hypnosis.

Humans have two hemispheres of the brain: right and left.

Right - sensual, figurative.

Left - logical (verbal-logical).

The structure of the psyche - consciousness, the unconscious, and the censorship of the psyche.

Censorship is responsible for the distribution of information from the outside world between the conscious and the subconscious (unconscious). There is a so-called. repression effect: 90% of the information coming from the outside world is repressed into the subconscious; passes into consciousness, i.e. It is understood that only 10%. At the same time, all the information that passed in the zone of the representative and signal systems of the body is deposited in the subconscious. Further - after a while it passes into consciousness, is realized. Part, unconscious, and dominates the psyche in the form of symptoms of nervous diseases. Such a person is in the borderline states of the psyche, i. management of minor psychiatry: neurosis, anxiety, anxiety, doubts, etc. The basis of Freud's psychoanalysis is that by saying something that excites a person, such a person translates into consciousness something undesirable, disturbing his memories, which constitutes the symptoms of a nervous breakdown. Speaking - the patient, as it were, transfers disturbing memories into consciousness, realizes that this is a method of catharsis, purification. Thus, the person is cured.

The right hemisphere is the unconscious. Left is consciousness. In the brain, the unconscious is located in the RF (reticular formation), subliminal, subcortical layers of the cerebral cortex. The bark is consciousness. The subcortex is the subconscious.

There are three states in the human psyche: the state of wakefulness (OSS), the state of sleep, and the state of altered consciousness, or trance consciousness, trance. These are all common conditions that occur in all people without exception.

During hypnosis in the cerebral cortex comes the so-called. diffuse inhibition, as a result of which all parts of the brain are inhibited except for one: responsible for the connection between the hypnotist and the hypnotist. The rapport state is coming. RappPort - the connection between the hypnotist and the hypnotist (except for the hypnotist's voice, the hypnotist hears nothing else).

Hypnosis is a special, altered state of the psyche and physiology. This state is characterized by heightened sensitivity to everything the hypnotist says or does. Those. Hypnosis is the state of a person when his suggestibility is maximized. In this state, rapport is established (the hypnotist begins to obey the hypnotist).

Hypnosis is a special IS of the psyche and physiology, which is distinguished by the presence of rapport.

Hypnosis only starts when there is rapport. RappPort is a controlled connection between the hypnotist and the hypnotist, which is expressed in the fact that there is complete control of the hypnotist. "Zone of RappPort" - a communication channel between a hypnotist and a hypnotist.

Hypnosis is a temporary state of narrowing of consciousness, caused by a steady concentration of attention and special actions of the hypnologist. The narrowed state of consciousness is characterized by a change in the psychological and physiological characteristics of the body (suggestibility changes, i.e. there is an increase in the patient's subordination to the hypnologist and a decrease in the patient's volitional control over what is happening).

Hypnosis is a temporary state of narrowed consciousness and concentrated attention, caused by the action of a hypnotist (heterohypnosis) or by influencing one's own personality (autohypnosis), due to increased suggestibility and hypnotizability, which is manifested by a decrease in the level of thinking, volitional control and emotional mood. The action of the hypnotist is directed at the personality of the hypnotist; when exposed to one's own personality, a change in self-consciousness occurs. (S.Yu. Myshlyaev, 1993).

Hypnosis is a conditioned reflex sleep caused by suggestion, in which contact with the hypnotized person is maintained through the "guard post" (according to Academician Pavlov).

Hypnosis is a partial sleep, or temporary ASC, characterized by a narrowing of its volume and a sharp focus on the content of suggestion, which is associated with a change in the functions of individual control and self-awareness.

Hypnosis is a state of narrowed consciousness, caused by the action of a hypnologist and characterized primarily by increased suggestibility and controllability.

Hypnosis is a form of heightened readiness of the psyche to receive information, process it and implement it in activity. (V.L. Raikov, 1969)

Hypnosis is a special psychological state that occurs under the influence of directed psychological influence and differs from sleep and wakefulness. V.E. Rozhnov (1985).

Hypnosis is:

1) A state of altered consciousness arising under the influence of special situations, special influences, special suggestions.

2) Mental state.

3) The form of human communication.

4) A form of increasing the mental controllability of the body, an illustration of the maximum activation of the plasticity of the psyche.

5) The state of increased and increasing suggestibility in quantitative terms up to a qualitative leap in the state of altered consciousness.

6) Experiences of deep inner concentration, thoughtfulness, when external stimuli are almost completely ignored due to this inner concentration, can be close to a hypnotic state.

7) Hypnosis arises as a result of influencing consciousness with the aim of transforming it and subsequent targeted suggestion.

8) The hypnotic state not only enlivens the inner world of associative representations, but also “colours”, “decorates” the creativity of the individual.

9) Hypnosis is the most important reserve level of the body. The state of hypnosis creates conditions for a more extensive control of the phenomena of the unconscious, as well as the mobilization of the energy capacity of consciousness. (V.L. Raikov, 1998).

Hypnosis is a form of heightened readiness of the psyche to receive information, process it, and implement it in activity.

Experiences of inner concentration, thoughtfulness can be close to a hypnotic state.

Distinguish autosuggestion (self-suggestion) and heterosuggestion (suggestion from another person). Modern psychologists-hypnologists are the heirs of the traditions of shamans and priests.

Hypnosis manifests itself:

1) immobilization

2) Inhibition (a person stops thinking)

(a dominant appears; a rapport is formed - we form a dominant: the more emotional the speech, the stronger the rapport).

A stable focus of excitation in the cerebral cortex = dominant - rapport

Hypnosis is not sleep.

Hypnosis is an intermediate state between wakefulness and sleep.

Hypnosis is the process of moving from a state of wakefulness to a state of sleep. During hypnosis, a person does not sleep, his state only resembles a state of sleep. Changes began (went) in the psyche in this state.

Hypnosis is a bit like a state of light drowsiness. (Only in the deep stage is hypnosis similar to sleep, somnambulism, somnambulism.)

In ordinary life, hypnosis occurs in a sleepy state (a state of incomplete awakening, when you still cannot open your eyes or say something, but you already hear the surrounding sounds).

Quality of hypnosis = deep trance (the deeper the trance, the stronger the hypnotic effect).

When a person falls asleep, the rapport is broken.

Hypnosis is a process of sleep.

Hypnosis is artificial sleep. To hypnotize means to lull.

Hypnosis and sleep are similar: if you leave a person in hypnosis without awakening him, then soon his partial sleep (partial inhibition) will turn into ordinary natural sleep (general inhibition) and he will wake up on his own from the action of some external factor.

Hypnotic sleep is a special state that differs from ordinary sleep in that a stable connection, rapport, remains between the hypnologist and the hypnotic. If such a connection is interrupted for a number of reasons, the hypnotic dream turns into a normal dream.

Similarities and differences between hypnosis and sleep:

1) Similarity - inhibition of the cerebral cortex.

2) Difference:

Sleep is an irradiated inhibition that spills over the cerebral cortex without the presence of foci of excitation.

Hypnosis - all parts of the brain are inhibited except for one: responsible for the connection between the hypnotist and the hypnotist. The rapport state is coming.

Hypnosis - (from the point of view of intracerebral processes) - in the state of wakefulness, excitation prevails in the cerebral cortex, and in the state of sleep - inhibition; hypnosis occurs when there is a focus of excitation in the inhibited cortex. The entire cortex is asleep, but the hypnotist's command enters the brain through this focus, and since the sleeping brain is not able to critically comprehend them, the hypnotized unconditionally carries out these commands and immediately forgets them.

Similarities and differences between hypnosis and sleep.

Similarities between hypnosis and natural sleep:

1) Hypnotized person appearance recalls
sleepy: closed eyes, reduced activity of muscles and internal organs.

2) Preparing for bed is like a hypnotization procedure.

3) The presence of weak contacts with the environment during normal sleep makes it possible to transfer natural sleep into hypnotic sleep.

4) The onset of a hypnotic state is accompanied by changes similar to the picture of natural sleep (a drop in blood pressure, a slowing of the pulse rate by 4-12 beats per minute, a decrease in the breathing rate by 3-5 breaths per minute, the absence of eyelid movements).

Differences between hypnosis and natural sleep:

1) Continuous verbal communication between the hypnologist and the hypnotist.

2) Hypnosis is an artificial sleep caused by a stimulus
mi (auditory, visual, tactile), i.e. hypnosis is caused by monotonous irritation of the sense organs (fixation of gaze, monotonous sounds, verbal suggestion, measured heat flows).

3) A person completely forgets everything that happened to him during
hypnosis.

In hypnosis, you can suggest anything and a person will believe. Those. in hypnosis, the control of reality by the psyche (brain, consciousness) is violated.

Hypnosis can develop both with general fatigue of the brain, and from depletion of any part of the cortex with prolonged exposure to signals from a stimulus (auditory - speech, clock ticking, etc.; visual, etc.)

For sleep (hypnosis) you need:

1) Comfortable place (sit or lie down)

2) Words for relaxation.

Hypnosis - we cause a trance and record information in the brain (in the subcortex).

There are two main branches of hypnosis.

Exist classical hypnosis and modern hypnosis, the so-called. hypnosis in reality, or - psychological hypnosis in reality.

Psychological hypnosis in reality is a state of suggestion. The suggestion begins to manifest itself in a fading posture (hypnosis). Hypnosis begins when the eyes of the hypnotist close.

With waking hypnosis, the subconscious mind is affected.

Hypnosis is a state of heightened attention. The main effect of waking hypnosis is to capture attention.

Hypnosis in reality is a state of constricted consciousness. For the implementation of hypnotic influence, it is necessary to influence the right hemisphere. Those. during waking hypnosis, the effect of a narrowed consciousness should be achieved (the consciousness should be turned off as much as possible (left hemisphere).

To implement a hypnotic effect (entering information into the brain), a person should first be immersed in a trance state (ASS).

Trance is a steady concentration (concentration) of attention. With waking hypnosis, you do not need to put to sleep, you need to control attention (attract attention), i.e. capture the eye. When they captured the eye, they captured the attention, which means they plunged the person into a trance and established a rapport. Therefore, the more attentively a person listens, the stronger the influence on him.

Suggestive factors for the onset of a hypnotic state are divided into the following:

1) Organizational - posture, presuggestions, lack of interference, etc.

2) Acting on the first signal system - music, passes, lighting, metronome, smells, etc.

3) Acting on the second signal system - verbal suggestion of drowsiness and sleep, counting, coding, etc.

4) Psychophysiological factors - relaxation, absence of extraneous thoughts, concentration of attention on the words of the hypnotist, etc.

5) Establishing rapport.

6) Pharmacological (psychedelic) - the use of pharmacological drugs that inhibit the activity of the hypnotic cerebral cortex and cause drowsiness.

7) Narcotic - the use of drugs to induce drug hypnosis.

8) Poisonous - the use of alcohol, poisons, toxins, etc. to cause a state of inhibition, etc.

9) Emotional - factors affecting emotions: religious, through works of art, etc.

In addition, all objects of the environment surrounding hypnosis have a suggestive value - inscriptions, furnishings, surrounding people, etc., and the most important factor is the pre-setting of expectation (pre-suggestion), which can be the result of personal experience, knowledge, faith, etc.

Three stages of classical hypnosis: light, medium, deep.

Light stage (lethargy, slight shackling: a person hears the voice of a hypnotist, can interrupt the session on his own, but does not want to, although he can; observed in 90% of people).

Medium (catalepsy, complete shackling: the rapport zone increases; mild catalepsy sets in: the raised arm may remain hanging in a fixed position; the hypnotic cannot open his eyes himself, or for this he will have to make a serious effort; observed in 20-25% of people).

Deep stage (somnambulism: observed very rarely; in the deep stage, with a hypnotic, you can do any miracles that variety hypnotists demonstrate: lie between chairs on their backs stretched out to a string, pierce the body with swords, walk on coals, etc. In this state, a person can programming for visions (occurs in 1% of people)

Because there is waking hypnosis, then a special stage is distinguished - the state of suggestion, which precedes the first stage of hypnosis. In a state of suggestion, the hypnotic is in a waking state, with open eyes, but his actions are subject to the hypnotist (through rapport, a channel of stable communication between the hypnotist and the hypnotist).

Stages and degrees of depth of hypnotic sleep (classification by E.S. Katkov, 1957)

First stage.

The first degree of the first stage. An increasing decrease in the tone of the cerebral cortex is observed. The main processes - inhibition and excitation - are changed, which creates conditions for the irradiation of inhibition to the motor analyzer and the second signal system of reality. The hypnotic feels peace, a pleasant state of lightness in the body. He hears the environment, controls his thoughts. Sensitivity saved. The suggestion of motor reactions is easily realized. The hypnotized person can easily get out of this state.

The second degree of the first stage. The tone of the cortex is even more compressed. The motor analyzer is deeply inhibited. Swallowing movements. Touching the hand causes an active normal voltage. Motor reactions are easily realized. Hears and actively perceives external stimuli. Sensitivity saved. Can be easily awoken.

The third degree of the first stage. The tone of the cortex is significantly reduced. Deeper inhibition of the motor analyzer and the second signal system. The hypnotic feeling of drowsiness and drowsiness. The flow of thoughts is sluggish. Heaviness in the body. The muscles are relaxed. The raised hand falls helplessly. It is impossible to open the eyelids, move the hand. Motor suggestions are often not realized. Hears surrounding sounds. After waking up, I am sure that I could get out of this state myself.

Second stage.

The first degree of the second stage. The tone of the cortex is reduced, a rapport zone appears. Spilled inhibition turns off the kinesthetic system (catalepsy). Braking and a second signal system of validity. Inhibition extends to the skin analyzer (pain relief). There are "transitional states" - an equalizing phase. The hypnotic notes significant drowsiness, movements are difficult. More even and calm breathing. Slight catalepsy (raised hand in the air does not remain long). It is not possible to inspire monotonous movements (swaying the arm placed on the elbow), and if it is possible, then only after persistent suggestions. It is not possible to suggest motor reactions. Surrounding sounds perceives, though without interest.

The second degree of the second stage. An even greater deepening of the previous state. A waxy catalepsy is achieved. Spontaneous analgesia. Great braking of the second signal system. Sharp drowsiness. The hypnotic turns off the "stiffness" of the motor sphere. Waxy catalepsy. Significant weakening of skin sensitivity, aggravated by suggestion. Suggestions of motor reactions are realized, the latent period is shortened. The automatic movement that has begun quickly weakens and stops. Suggested illusions are not realized.

The third degree of the second stage. Phase phenomena appear in the cerebral cortex - an equalizing phase. Deeper inhibition of the second signal system. Instilled illusions are realized with closed eyes. The hypnotist notes the complete disappearance of his own thoughts, hears only the voice of the hypnotist. There is tetanic catalepsy (arm springs). The suggestion of active and passive motor reactions is implemented well (slow movements in separate shocks, the inability to unclench the fist, move the arm). Automatic monotonous movements are well expressed. There is anesthesia of the nasal mucosa (test with ammonia negative).

Third stage.

The first degree of the third degree. The rapport zone is completely formed. The second signaling system is off, except for the rapport point. The first signal system prevails. Amnesia upon awakening (the hypnotist does not remember what he did in the hypnotic state). The illusion with open eyes is well realized in all analyzers, with the exception of auditory and visual. Spontaneous catalepsy disappears (Platonov's symptom - the raised hand quickly falls). Spontaneous catalepsy disappears. With irritation of the nose, tongue, skin, hallucinations are caused. It can cause a feeling of hunger, thirst. Suggested motor reactions are well realized. Amnesia is absent.

The second degree of the third degree. Almost complete inhibition of the activity of the second signal system. Visual hallucinations are well realized (with closed eyes they "catch butterflies"). When suggested: "open your eyes!" - hallucinations disappear, awakening often occurs. Suggested motor reactions (passive and active) are easily realized. partial amnesia.

Third degree of the third degree. Complete isolation of rapport. The second signaling system is off, except for the points of rapport. Amnesia upon waking. The word is stronger than the real stimulus. All types of positive and negative hallucinations are easily realized (with open eyes). Positive and negative hallucinations are realized post-hypnotically. Amnesia upon waking. Easy implementation - "transformations" of age (transfer to a childish state). When opening the eyelids, the eyes are cloudy, moist. The ability to cause "lightning" repeated hypnosis.

According to leading scientists (Myshlyaev S.Yu., Tukaev R.D., Akhmedov T.I., Grimak L.P., Kondrashov V.V., etc.), today this classification is the most complete and elaborated.

The process of hypnotization is a process of sedation.

There are four properties of deep hypnosis:

Amnesia (forgetting)

Analgesia (pain relief)

Hypermnesia (over-memorability)

Anesthesia (numbness, decreased sensitivity).

E. Hilgard considers hypnosis as a special state of consciousness and describes 7 characteristics of a deep hypnotic trance:

Decline of planning functions;

Redistribution of attention;

The presence of vivid visual images of the past and the manifestation of an increased ability to fantasize;

Tolerance to persistent distortion of reality;

Increased suggestibility;

Role behavior;

Post-hypnotic amnesia (memory loss).

Mental phenomena in the last stage of hypnosis, somnambulistic (according to S.Yu. Myshlyaev, 1993).

Feeling and perception.

Sensations are mental processes with the help of which a person can be aware of phenomena that are in the outside world based on the activity of the sense organs. With the help of suggestion in a hypnotic state, any changes in the activity of the sense organs are caused (for example, a decrease in sensitivity to pain (analgesia), touch, temperature stimuli, etc.) Weakening pain occurs as a result of ignoring information about pain as insignificant for the body.

Under hypnosis, you can also cause an increase in sensitivity (hyperesthesia).

In a hypnotic state, by suggestion, an increase in visual acuity, complete blindness or blindness in one eye, narrowing of the field of vision, color blindness (complete or in individual colors), deafness in one or both ears, or, conversely, aggravation of hearing. Like vision, touch, in hypnosis, smell and taste are reduced or sharpened.

In a state of hypnosis, you can cause a feeling of bodily well-being and trouble, a feeling of weakness, fatigue, a feeling of strength, freshness, vigor, aversion to food, or, conversely, increased appetite, thirst, a feeling of free or difficult breathing, a feeling of heaviness, tightness, pressure in the chest area. etc.

In a state of hypnosis, illusions can be induced in a hypnotist. For example, a hypnotist may look at his acquaintance and not see him.

Representation.

Representations are called images of objects, scenes or events that are not currently perceived (with the help of the senses). Representation is sometimes defined as fantasy. Influencing the psyche, the hypnotist can cause hallucinations. For example, a hypnotic casts an imaginary fishing rod, catches a goldfish, sings, plays the piano, walks a tightrope, can watch a movie and laugh or cry, etc. There are also post-hypnotic hallucinations that are difficult to distinguish from real visions.

In hypnosis, representations that do not correspond to reality and are in the nature of false memories (paramnesia) can be evoked: the hypnotist vividly and emotionally describes a fire, a car accident, a conflict in line, etc., which actually did not exist.

Will - the ability of a person to conscious, purposeful or arbitrary activity, self-regulation of their behavior; will - the ability to bring the work begun to the end, despite difficulties and obstacles.

By suggestion in hypnosis, the level of the barrier of criticality (censorship of the psyche) is reduced, and thus a person cannot regulate his behavior (activity), muscle movements become beyond his control. In the somnambulistic stage, a certain state and position can be suggested to a person. The hypnotic body is likened to "wax flexibility". Variety hypnotists bring a person into a state of catalepsy, when the hypnotist can be put with his heels and the back of his head on two chairs, and the body of the sleeping person remains elongated, in the form of a bridge. At the same time, the tone of the entire muscular system increases, you can stand on hypnosis, and it will not sag.

In a deep hypnotic state, automatic recording can be induced, when the subject, talking with the hypnotist, automatically unconsciously writes about his personal experiences, the memories of which are painful for him. At the same time, he does not realize what exactly his hand wrote, and the meaning of what was written will be realized only after leaving hypnosis and when reading the notes.

In a state of hypnosis, a person does not feel tired and can perform work with much less effort.

Memory is a complex process that involves capturing, preserving and reproducing the previous content of our experience.

The effect of the so-called. post-hypnotic state, when subjects can remember almost everything that happened in hypnosis; while someone forgets only partially, and someone does not remember anything (post-hypnotic amnesia).

Post-hypnotic amnesia is an indication of the deep somnambulistic stage of hypnosis. There are spontaneous and suggested post-hypnotic amnesia. A variant of suggested amnesia is “source amnesia”, when, for example, a person is taught something and the result of this training is preserved in the post-hypnotic period, but there is amnesia for the fact that he learned this under hypnosis. By suggestion, the effect of selective amnesia can be induced. The hypnotic can be made to forget his own name. He will be aware of everything, but will not be able to remember his name. In the somnambulistic stage of hypnosis one can be made to forget names, surnames, dates, addresses, and so on.

Through suggestion, memories can be restored to the hypnotic's memory that cannot be retrieved from him in the waking state. This is called hypermnesia. Also, with the help of suggestion, you can cause artificial amnesia, for example, erase certain periods of a person’s life from memory, and he can forget that he recently got married, moved to another place of residence, etc. In a hypnotic state, one can deprive a person of practical skills, knowledge, make him unable to write, read, draw, etc. You can suggest dozens of different words to the hypnotist, and he will freely repeat them in the same order, and the words can be retained in his memory for many days after the hypnosis session.

Attention.

Attention is a form of organization of mental activity, manifested in its selective focus, concentration and relative stability.

In hypnosis, you can influence attention, its concentration, degree of concentration, volume, distribution, stability and distractibility.

A well-known teaching method is hypnopedia. The hypnopedia technique is as follows. The verbal material recorded on a tape is either repeated verbally (30-40 times) or delivered through headphones during the night. Subjects in a state of hypnosis (under the influence of special training) can improve the process of memorizing foreign words by 20 times (maximum result).

Psychoanalytic theory of hypnosis.

The founder is a psychiatrist and neurologist, doctor of sciences, professor Sigmund Freud.

Having studied the technique of hypnosis with Charcot in Paris and with Bernheim in Nancy, Freud later departed from classical hypnosis, developing his own method, called "psychoanalysis". Freud was inspired to develop psychoanalysis by hypnotic phenomena that he observed and practiced as a hypnologist.

S.Yu. Myshlyaev (1993) draws attention to the fact that Freud's students - Ferenczi, Schilder, Kanders and others - saw an erotic basis in hypnosis and suggestibility. So Ferenczi (1924) notes in hypnosis the restoration of the infantile-erotic, masochistic attitude. The hypnotized person is either an image of the father (paternal hypnosis) or a prototype of the mother. The central place in psychoanalytic hypnosis is occupied by impulses from the region of the Oedipus complex. When hypnotizing women, the hypnotist can observe before falling asleep and before waking up the features that are characteristic of sexual arousal. (Therefore, according to the rules, if a male doctor hypnotizes a woman, then someone else must be in the room.)

Some women in a state of hypnosis can sometimes be noted fear, as before rape. This fear, according to psychoanalysts, expresses the corresponding desire awakened by hypnosis, and soft persuasion, shouting, rude influence are both mental means of hypnosis and means of erotic seduction.

According to the psychoanalytic concept of hypnosis, the technical means used - "fixing" (with a look), stroking - are common to hypnosis and erotica. In addition, people who are predisposed to falling in love easily fall into deep hypnosis.

Muscular phenomena of hypnosis - complete relaxation and catalepsy - according to the psychoanalytic concept of hypnosis - an expression of lack of will, permission to do whatever you want with yourself.

The psychoanalytic concept opened up a new aspect of the analysis of the relationship between the hypnotist and the hypnotized from the standpoint of the theory of transference and the unconscious. Hypnosis is a mental state that allows a person to act directly on the level of the unconscious without the intervention of consciousness.

Hypnotherapy.

Hypnotherapy is divided into therapy with hypnosis and therapy under hypnosis. Hypnosis therapy takes place in the form of sessions and is based on the healing effectiveness of the hypnotic state. We should talk about the positiveness of hypnotic sleep. For the psychological and physiological effect of hypnosis to be effective, a certain duration of sessions is necessary. One of the forms of therapy under hypnosis is a therapeutic effect focused on improving self-awareness. Three methods should be distinguished:

Therapy aimed at changing behavior (re-education);

Method of catharsis;

Hypnoanalysis.

Let's consider in more detail.

Therapy aimed at changing behavior (re-education).

Direct suggestion is used. The therapist convinces and educates.

catharsis method.

Relief of affective tension occurs as a result of the revival of suppressed repressed emotions, which makes it possible to identify the origin of disorders and achieve the disappearance of symptoms.

Hypnoanalysis.

Combines psychoanalysis and hypnosis. The average duration of hypnoanalysis treatment is from 40 to 100 or more sessions. Two methods of hypnoanalysis are used. In both methods, treatment begins with a period of training during which the subject is trained to fall into a hypnotic state on cue. Hypnoanalysis requires trance. The first technique includes a training phase and a phase of classical psychoanalytic sessions using the free association technique. Hypnosis is used to overcome resistance. When resistance arises, the patient is hypnotized, and they try to get him to communicate material that he could not give in the waking state. Treatment ends with a period of re-education (third phase), during which direct suggestion is used. The second technique is very flexible. To obtain material, they use: dream induction, regression, automatic writing, visualization of scenes related to conflict situations, etc. (L. Shertok, 1992).

In hypnosis, one must speak: briefly, figuratively, the very essence. Also, speak confidently and loudly enough.

Post-hypnotic effect - in hypnosis, you can impose a behavior model that a person will do after he comes out of hypnosis (the so-called suggestion with a delayed effect).

The result of entering into hypnosis is 100% dependent on hypnosis!

Hypnotizability tests help determine hypnotizability.

Hypnotizability test (tests):

1) compression (fettering) of the fingers (fingers are tightly intertwined, we count to five, the fingers stick together, stiffen, we cannot unbend them of our own free will, etc.; highly suggestible ones cannot straighten their fingers on their own);

2) falling back and forth with eyes closed (hands at the temple, the hypnotist stands behind or in front, does not touch with his hands, pulls back, mental or real pronunciation; suggestible people fall as they are told).

3) a pendulum (a weight on a thread; we suggest involuntary swinging clockwise or counterclockwise; in suggestible people, the weight begins to rotate in a circle).

4) the smell of cologne on ballpoint pen(we say that yesterday we splashed cologne on the pen, and we give the opportunity to catch the smell; suggestible people feel this smell).

5) Dr. tests.

How to increase hypnosis:

1) increase exposure time

2) increase the number of sessions

(average course - a month, three times a week; or 10 days in a row, but not less than 5 days)

Usually: 12-15 sessions, 3 days a week, in the afternoon, before dinner, when tired.

On average - a month (4 weeks, three sessions a week - three times a week) (if he does not fall asleep, you can give pills to sleep; or hot tea, a hot bath for 20 minutes.) You can turn on music (for example, Jean Jaret, space music or night surf, the cry of seagulls, the sound of rain, etc.). You can smell (herbs). Turn off the light or make it weak (better - purple lighting).

Three principles for hypnosis:

1) relaxation

2) sedation

3) falling asleep.

Session time: 30 minutes (average). And so - from 30 minutes to 2 hours (especially if patients are weakly hypnotic).

Hypnosis passes:

From bottom to top - exciting

From top to bottom - soothing

Side to Side - Neutral

Words and hands are two tools of the hypnotist

Hypnosis rules.

Important Rule: when you touch a person, you activate his unconscious.

It should be remembered: hypnosis is the creation of special conditions when the word works effectively.

Hypnosis consists of two skills:

1) tell them to close their eyes

2) educate a person

The most important function of a hypnotist is to educate others (hypnosis is just a technique with which we educate). Hypnosis is a technical application to ideology. A hypnotist differs from ordinary people - knowledge. The law of the profession: if a person listened to you, agreed with you, he will become a different person. Hypnosis is just a technique by which our words work better. Hypnotist - must be a deeply erudite person.

Hypnosis coding rules:

1) Be calm, confident, relaxed.

2) Look into the eyes.

3) Speak briefly and loudly.

4) Talk several times.

5) Speak in the affirmative (any apologies and doubts are prohibited).

6) Use only the pronoun "I", for example: "I think", "I decided", "I know", etc.

Note: It is forbidden to use the particle “not” (in trance, the particle “not” is not perceived).

Types of hypnosis.

1. Classical (Pavlovian) hypnosis.

Sleep inhibition of the entire cerebral cortex with the preservation of the waking area (rapport zone).

2. Psychological hypnosis in reality.

The eyes are open, but there is complete or partial submission to the hypnotist.

3. Narcohypnosis.

It is based on the use of medications in order to achieve increased controllability of the hypnotic.

4. Hardware hypnosis.

Special devices such as "Radiosleep", television, telephone conversation, computer, radio, tape recorder, devices such as "Electroson", etc.

5. Pathological hypnosis.

Occurs voluntarily or involuntarily. Involuntarily - as a result of diseases. Arbitrarily - as a result of injury, poisoning, infection, etc.

The technique of waking hypnosis, known as gypsy psychological hypnosis, should be highlighted.

Gypsy psychological hypnosis is based on the phenomenon of establishing an inspiring contact (rapport) in a state of partial or full wakefulness of the hypnotist's consciousness. The suggestion is carried out in reality, by the method of forming a stable emotional-energetic excitement against the background of an active or partially altered state of consciousness and an altered psychophysiology. The basis of the contact between the hypnotist and the object is the phenomenon of establishing a control contact (rapport) by synchronizing and adjusting the emotional state and behavior of the hypnotist to the emotional state, movements, posture, breathing, etc. object. Therefore, the gypsy method of establishing rapport outwardly looks like an expression of sympathy, a desire to help, a desire to give or do something, etc.

Often at the very beginning of the contact, the gypsy criminal hypnotist immediately tries to puzzle the object with something unusual and logically dead-end and, using a second suspension of logical-analytical thinking, instantly transfer and change his consciousness into the right-hemispheric mode of imagination, feelings and emotions. This introduces, as a rule, the imposition of the main key to the deep unconscious nature of man - fear.

In order for the suggestion to work, you first need to create a rapport (a focus of super-wakefulness in the cerebral cortex). For this you need:

1) "Become a mirror" (take a pose, the same as that of a partner). This is called: "adjustment", "reflection", "attachment", "mirroring", etc.

The hypnotist needs to make the main part of his behavior look like a similar part of the behavior of the object. Reflections of the posture can be direct (just like in a mirror) and cross (if the partner's left leg is thrown over the right, then the hypnotist does the same). You can't copy too explicitly. Everything needs a measure. It is important that the subject does not notice the adjustment. Establishing unconscious trust and rapport is what hypnosis is. Adjusting to the posture is the first skill of creating unconscious trust.

2) It is necessary to adjust to the object's breathing, i.e. copy its manner, frequency and depth of breathing.

Adjustment to breathing can be direct and indirect. Direct adjustment - when the hypnotist begins to breathe in the same way as the subject breathes, at the same pace. Indirect tuning - the hypnotist will coordinate some other part of his behavior with the rhythm of the object's breathing; for example, he can swing his arm in time with the subject's breath, or speak in time with his breath, that is, on his exhalation. Direct adjustment is considered more effective for generating rapport. Adjustment to the subject's posture and breathing is considered successful when it goes into the so-called. "leading". That is, the hypnotist imperceptibly changes his posture and breathing and discovers that the subject automatically experienced a similar change in posture and breathing.

Rapport consists of two phases: “attachment” and “leading”. In the first part, the hypnotist “joins” by copying the posture and breathing, and in the second part, by changing the posture and breathing, he achieves similar unconscious changes in the object’s posture and breathing, which is called “leading”, i.e. the hypnotist actually completes the formation of unconscious control object.

3) Adjustment to the movements of the object (gestures, facial expressions, etc.)

Any movements can be divided into large (gait, gestures, head or leg movements) and small (facial expressions, blinking, small gestures, twitching or twitching). The best way to match the subject's hand gestures is with the movements of your fingers. In this case, you should trace with your fingers the approximate direction of the movements of the object's hands and make some difference in amplitude; here you need the speed of the reaction. You can not copy the movements of the hands of the object in a mirror, you should outline them, but not finish them. For example, the subject scratches his forehead with his right hand, and the hypnotist immediately strokes his chin. Of the small movements, it is good to choose blinking for adjustment, no one is aware of this. You should blink at the same frequency as the object, and then abruptly stop blinking so that the object also stops blinking, or close your eyes so that the object does the same. All this contributes to the emergence of hypnosis.

During waking hypnosis, affirmative commands (orders) should be given so that the orders themselves contain a message to action, and not to reflection on its necessity. You should also focus the attention of the object on his inner world, which involves introducing the object into a state of a certain trance. If the trance is not achieved, influencing the emotions of the object to get him out of himself - and by means of an affirmative command to suggest an order for the implementation of the command.

It is also necessary to remember that the human psyche is so arranged that a person is unconsciously not only ready to obey, but also feels a desire to do so. Therefore, in order to satisfy such an unconscious desire of a person (object), it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for it. To enhance the effect of submission, one should first initiate a neurosis, and then remove it. The subject must unconsciously guess that his neurosis (depression, fear, etc.) is being removed by submission to the hypnotist. Any person first of all hears only himself, and if he listens to others, he strives to hear what he thought (thinks) himself. This is how verification happens. new information with the already existing in the unconscious of a person, which means that censorship of the psyche lets in new information, and reinforcing the old one, it participates in the further programming of his actions through the birth of appropriate thoughts and ideas in the psyche (brain) of such a person. In addition, for some time after the onset of rapport, the object of manipulation chosen by us will be in a state of increased suggestion (especially intensified against the background of the object’s emotions, i.e. the object in a state of passion), which means that the information presented at such a moment will find a harmonious echo in his soul, and after that you can be sure that the object of manipulation will perform the settings of the manipulator.

You can catch a person in a state of immersion in his own thoughts (a period of reflection with himself in public, a time of immersion in a book that the object reads in a public place, a state of self-doubt, etc.), and influence him, because in In such situations, the barrier of criticality of mental censorship on the way of information perceived from the outside world is also lowered.

Basic rules for immersion in waking hypnosis according to R. Brag (1992):

1. Be absolutely confident in your abilities.

2. Speak loudly and clearly, firmly, clearly.

3. Look into your partner's eyes. ( Great importance has the look of a hypnotist. You need to develop a "hypnotic gaze".)

4. Relax as much as possible.

5. Use the pronoun "I". (I will now ..., I ..., I.).

6. Set the desired wait (say first what you want, then why you need it). (In order for the hypnotic to be tuned in to the result that you want from him, he needs to be set to the required expectation. For some people, receiving the set has the opposite effect. That is, if you say to him: "You are strongly pulled back," he will necessarily lean forward. So, as an option, settings like: "You can believe me or not believe me ...", etc. These settings are given counting on those who always act the other way around.)

7. Never apologize.

8. Do not get irritated, be calm and resolute. Don't let yourself be drawn into the discussion. (Do not enter into conversations, do not start with jokes and jokes, do not have noisy discussions, do not show emotion. Begin with a deadpan expression, with an air of complete confidence, without the slightest fuss. Speaking of hypnosis, do not reveal the true mechanism of this phenomenon - desirable halo of mystery. You can not show those present that the hypnotist is the same person as all people with their usual advantages and disadvantages. People can find out about this by communicating with you during a normal conversation. That is, you can simply be declassified at an unconscious level, which means you are no longer neither a magnetic look, nor a voice, nor a mysterious look will help out.)

9. Do not evaluate or insult the subject (If you give a negative assessment to the subject, he may focus on this assessment, get distracted and destroy rapport.)

10. It is necessary to back up words with real action. (Without this condition, it is difficult to penetrate into the subconscious. You should follow the slightest reactions of the hypnotic and pass them off as the result of your influence.)

The onset of a state when a person is ready for the effect of suggestion can be seen by the following characteristics changes in his appearance (S.A. Gorin, 1995):

1) relaxation of the muscles of the face and body; the face becomes more symmetrical, wrinkles and wrinkles are smoothed out on the face;

2) breathing calms down and deepens, a state of psychological rest arises (a state of thoughtlessness);

3) voluntary movements temporarily stop, and the person freezes (keeps a motionless posture, and often a motionless look with noticeably widened eyes);

4) the face turns pink or turns pale, becomes limp, the skin becomes noticeably more moist, sometimes droplets of sweat appear;

5) against the background of general relaxation of the muscles, involuntary, unconscious and not having a conscious purpose, automatic movements can be observed; these movements are small, like trembling or moving the fingers and hands, and there are also large ones - nodding the head, moving the arms, trembling of the whole body;

6) swallowing of saliva almost stops.

A way to enhance the impact is to speak aloud the changes observed in the object in appearance.

M. Erickson (1994) proposed a seven-step model of suggestive influence on the human psyche:

1. Try to put the person in a comfortable position for him.

2. Concentrate the attention of the hypnotized on some external or internal process, object, thought or memory.

3. Build your speech in such a way as to separate the consciousness and the unconscious of the hypnotist.

4. Inform the hypnotized about those signs of trance or any other reactions that the hypnotist observes in him.

5. Set the hypnotic to do nothing.

6. Use the trance state of the hypnotist for the purposes of the hypnotist.

7. Bring the hypnotist out of trance.

Trance is a natural state (for example, daydreaming, contemplating, praying, doing physical exercises). According to M. Erickson (1994), a hypnotic trance is a state of the psyche in which the psyche is most capable of perceiving new knowledge. The patient maintains complete self-control. Erickson practiced trance induction through storytelling. During such stories, people plunged into hypnotic states.

Methods for determining the depth of hypnotic trance (according to V.V. Kondrashov, 1998)

1) Use the classification of E.S. Katkov (1965).

2) Use the observation process.

For example: Stillness, deep, regular breathing -- deep trance. If a person turns around, moves his arm or leg, performs swallowing acts, he does not sleep. Clap your hands to determine the degree of hypnotic trance. If a person shudders, then the trance is superficial. If not, but when you exit the trance, he will answer your question that he heard a pop - then the trance was, but not deep. In a deep trance, a person does not remember anything, does not feel pain, stops swallowing, does not cough, does not sneeze, etc.

A sign of a trance is:

muscle relaxation,

Decreased response to outside noise

Decreased heart rate and heart rate

Immobility or twitching of the hands, trembling of the eyelids, flinching,

Slow swallowing reflex

Change in complexion (blanching or redness),

Smoothing facial muscles, especially cheeks, forehead, lips,

Performance of a drop of sweat on the neck, forehead, palms

Catalepsy (if you raise your hand, the hand will hang by itself for a long time without visible signs of fatigue).

If the patient makes rare swallowing movements - trance is either absent or superficial.

To plunge a person into a trance, one must have a strong will. The will is strengthened by training. The stronger the will, the easier it is to subjugate people, to inspire them with your ideas, thoughts, desires.

Everything that leads to the onset of natural sleep contributes to hypnotic sleep. Therefore, it is easy to put a person who wants to sleep into a hypnotic sleep. During hypnotization, a person should be placed in a position that is convenient for him, sitting, lying down, reclining, etc., i.e. in the position in which he usually falls asleep easily. The onset of hypnotic sleep is facilitated by silence, twilight (i.e., a decrease in the flow of stimuli coming through the auditory or visual channels), and warmth. During hypnotization, the position of the hypnotist, his gestures, facial expressions, and speech matter. Mental influence begins from the moment when the hypnotist saw the hypnotist. In this case, the environment should help to consolidate the suggestive mood of the hypnotic. Before starting the session, it is important to explain to the hypnotist (taking into account his intelligence) the specifics of hypnosis. It is important to protect him from excessive fear, and to convince him that nothing terrible will happen to him during hypnosis; that he will control the situation, and at will, at any time, he will be able to independently exit the state of hypnotic sleep.

Let us briefly consider the methods of influence during hypnosis: on visual, auditory, and skin analyzers. (I.I. Bul, 1974).

Impact on the visual analyzer.

The onset of hypnotic sleep occurs with fatigue of attention and through this falling asleep. For hypnotization, you can hold some object (hammer, pen, own finger, etc.) in front of the hypnotist's eyes, instructing him to look at the object. Alternatively, you can make yourself look into your eyes (it is forbidden to blink). The item can also be easily rotated, etc. After the patient, sitting in comfortable posture fixes the gaze on the object you have indicated; as an additional means, it is recommended to pronounce a verbal suggestion.

Impact on the auditory analyzer.

In this case, stimuli of the auditory analyzer are used (a shaman's tambourine, the sound of train wheels, wind noise, sea surf, clock ticking, etc.). As in the previous method, to enhance the onset of trance and the depth of hypnotic sleep, verbal suggestion should be added.

Effects on the skin analyzer.

In this case, hand passes are used, which can be reinforced by suggestion with words.

When using verbal suggestion, it should be noted that the suggestion formulas must be short, pronounced confidently and exclusively in an imperative-assertive form. Any doubts or complicated formulas are forbidden. The patient should not think about what you have said; he must clearly follow your instructions and plunge into a trance. The hypnotic must understand what you are talking about and what you are evoking in him.

Imagination plays an important role in hypnosis. And imagination is often based on what a person has experienced in real life, or seen on TV, imagined from someone else's stories, etc. It should be remembered that your words should be like a suggestion. Therefore, while counting, one should speak in a monotonous voice, and preferably in the rhythm of the hypnotic's breathing; without harsh cries that can wake the patient if he falls into a hypnotic sleep you induce.

The anti-suggestive barrier is a negative attitude towards hypnosis. The anti-suggestive barrier is associated with the concept of suggestibility (counter-suggestibility). Counter-suggestibility is selective (it manifests itself in different ways both to different hypnotists and depends on the different content of suggestions coming from the same hypnotist). In man, the property of suggestibility is opposed by counter-suggestibility. Suggestibility contributes to the formation of the social psychology of people, the introduction into their psyche of similar views, beliefs, opinions, assessments, norms of activity and behavior. Countersuggestibility contributes to the formation of independence from extraneous influences.

There are the following types of countersuggestion.

1) Involuntary (the degree of distrust that manifests itself at an unconscious level during suggestion) and arbitrary (turns on when comparing new information with information already available to a person).

2) Individual (a person's life experience) and group (depending on the composition of the group, the degree of its cohesion, etc.).

3) General (general criticality of the individual in relation to any new information) and special counter-suggestibility (criticality in relation to a specific person or specific information).

All hypnosis is self-hypnosis.

Self-hypnosis (auto-hypnosis) is a state of increased suggestibility, during which self-coding occurs. With the help of self-hypnosis, you can dive into the depths of the subconscious and get rid of any negative way of thinking and inadequate self-image. Any person who has practiced self-hypnosis is able to achieve any professional success and change their behavior. Self-hypnosis relieves stress and promotes personal growth.

It is impossible to hypnotize a person without his desire. In a state of hypnosis, a person's connection with reality is maintained. At will, he can come out of hypnosis himself. During hypnosis, a person enters a hypnotic state. The hypnotic state is a natural state for every person. In this state, one feels inner harmony, peace, a feeling of happiness.

Hypnosis is divided into heterohypnosis and autohypnosis. Auto-hypnosis is self-hypnosis. A person enters autohypnosis on his own. In heterohypnosis - with the help of another specialist. Self-hypnosis training occurs in two ways:

1) under hypnosis (with the help of a psychotherapist);

2) independently.

Hypnosis is characterized by a state of feeling inner peace, happiness, harmony, peace. Scientists have proven that the hypnotic state is extremely beneficial for a person's mental health.

Hypnosis, self-hypnosis, suggestion, trance, self-regulation - allow a person to communicate with his own unconscious, help him look at his problems with different eyes, understand himself and other people, relieve pain, stress, depression, recover from many diseases (especially of a psychosomatic nature), allow you to regain lost strength and program yourself for exceptional success in all matters. Human thought is material. In the brain, any thought lays connections between neurons, and programs a person to perform the actions given by the thought. In a similar way, the influence of other people is carried out. In this case, a dominant is formed (focal excitation in the cerebral cortex), the subconscious of a person receives a psychological attitude, and a pattern of behavior is formed in the unconscious of the psyche. Thus - any thought programs a person to perform any action. With self-hypnosis, self-programming occurs. In heterohypnosis, another person acts as a "programmer". Such a person, depending on his goals, is called either a hypnotist, or a psychotherapist, or a manipulator, or a teacher, or a psychologist, or, or, or ...

Every person is the master of his own happiness. Science does not accept mysticism.

At the end of 1990, the 5th European Congress, dedicated to the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine, took place in the city of Konstanz, the former Federal Republic of Germany. The vast majority of congress participants, hypnologists, came to the conclusion that none of the existing scientific schools could explain hypnosis and its effects, so the hypnologist must build his practice, relying on his own experience and medical intuition. (V.V. Kondrashov, 2008).

Hypnosis technique.

Methods of immersion in hypnotic trance.

You should first talk about the harmlessness and usefulness of hypnosis. Talk about the fact that hypnosis does not work if the person does not want it. That at will a person can always get out of hypnosis.

The methods themselves are divided into the following:

1) Verbal method (verbal).

Sleeping occurs by a monotonous account, during which settings are given for falling asleep.

2) Auditory method (auditory).

First, they give some monotonous sounds to listen to (metronome, clock, the sound of train wheels, the sound of the surf, etc.), and then in a monotonous voice they give suggestions to fall asleep.

3) Fractional method.

There is a sequential immersion in a hypnotic sleep, and after an exit from a trance, and again immersion. In this way, the greatest depth of trance is achieved.

4) Method of passes.

Sleeping with the help of movements of the hands (palms) around the body (head, torso).

5) Eye fatigue method.

They make you look intently and intently at some object (fingers, a pen, a hammer, a dot on the wall, etc.) Supplement with a monotonous suggestion to fall asleep.

6) Instant method.

Apply to highly suggestible people. After the words “now I will touch you and you will fall asleep”, they touch and the person falls asleep.

7) Correspondence method.

By photo card, etc. Works on all suggestible persons.

8) During a night's sleep.

It is possible only when establishing rapport with the sleeping person. Rapport is established if the sleeper answers unambiguous answers ("yes" - "no") to the hypnologist's questions. In this state, it is possible to inspire the sleeping person with a certain attitude.

9) Shock.

Falling asleep occurs instantly, as a result of an unexpected stimulus of the central nervous system (for example, bright light, hitting a gong, etc.), simultaneously with the directive command: “Sleep”!

10) The method of raising the hand of M. Erickson.

In the sitting position, after slowly raising the hand until it touches the face and then slowly lowering the hand, the patient is immersed in a trance state.

11) Hyperventilation method.

After the most powerful and frequent breathing through the mouth, a state of trance occurs.

12) Many other methods.

Psychotechnology of hypnosis.

The hypnotist places the hypnotist in a comfortable position: sitting, reclining, lying down. The hypnotist is on the right. He speaks:

Sit comfortably, relax, calm down.

Do not think about anything else, listen carefully to my voice, and strictly follow all my commands.

The hypnotist puts his left hand on the back of his head, and his right hand on his eyes, and says:

Close your eyes.

Relax your neck slightly, and lower your head to your chest. The session has begun, so do not talk, do not open your eyes, rest.

The hypnotist then removes the hands from the head and performs the coding process.

Getting out of hypnosis:

Hypnotist says:

Take a deep breath - exhale.

Then the hypnotist puts his left hand on the back of the head, and with his right hand, with his fingers, lightly touches between the eyes of the hypnotist, then simultaneously with the words: “Attention to my voice! Open your eyes! makes a light poke with his fingers.

After that - neutral (left - right) passes with hands in the face area (air, air). Words: “Is everything all right, how are you feeling”?

Below we give various exemplary options for immersion in hypnosis, exit from hypnosis, as well as coding formulas. It should be remembered that in each individual case, both the entrance to hypnosis, the exit from hypnosis, and especially the coding formulas can and should differ. But the general structure should be kept similar to the texts below.

Entering hypnosis.

1st option (immersion in the light stage of hypnosis)

Close your eyes!

Relax your neck slightly and lower your head to your chest. The session has started. So don't talk, don't open your eyes, relax!

2nd option (middle stage)

Sit comfortably… Relax… Calm down…

Don't think about anything else. Listen carefully to my voice and strictly follow all my commands.

Close your eyes! Relax your neck slightly and lower your head to your chest. The session has begun, so do not talk, do not open your eyes, rest!

Once! All attention to the right hand - it becomes heavier.

Two! You can clearly feel the heaviness of your right hand.

Three! The left hand becomes just as heavy. You feel it.

Four! Both hands are heavy and begin to get warmer.

Five! Both hands are warm. You feel it.

Six! You are increasingly immersed in a state of hypnotic sleep. Rest.

Seven! The whole body becomes warm. You well. You feel a sense of pleasant comfort.

Nine! Irresistible desire to sleep. Now I will call the number 10, and you will fall asleep!

Ten! Sleep! Sleep tight!

3rd option (deep stage)

Sit comfortably… Relax… Calm down…

Don't think about anything else. Listen carefully to my voice, and strictly follow all my commands.

Close your eyes!

Relax your neck slightly and lower your head to your chest.

The session has begun, so do not talk, do not open your eyes, rest!

Now I will count. With each count, you will sink deeper into a state of hypnotic sleep. This is a healing dream. Your body will have a good rest, your strength will be restored, at the end of the session you will feel refreshed and well rested.

Once! The drowsiness intensifies. Muscles become sluggish and relaxed.

Two! Breathing is even and calm. You hear my voice all the time and trust me completely. Think only of peace.

Three! Everything is quieter, everything is calmer in the head, in all the nerves, in the whole body. Breathing becomes slow and calm. The heart also beats slowly.

Four! Everything is calmer and calmer. You are more and more pleasantly tired.

Five! With each breath you take, your heart beats faster and faster.

Seven! With every sound

The practice of hypnotic influence on the human mind dates back about two millennia. During this time, scientists managed to learn a lot about the phenomenon of hypnosis and learned how to use it to alleviate the condition of patients suffering from serious illnesses.

However, most non-medical people continue to share misconceptions no less ancient than the method of hypnotherapy itself. Today we will dispel the most common myths about hypnosis.

Source: depositphotos.com

Hypnotists use the help of external forces

About 200-250 years ago, even the most successful and talented hypnotherapists really believed that they put people into a trance state with the help of some mysterious external forces. In the early 19th century, scientists discovered that the hypnotherapist was not the root cause of trance. The specialist only helps the patient to concentrate, using techniques developed over the centuries, and a person falls into a hypnotic state on his own.

Confirmation of the conclusion is the fact that in order to master the skills of hypnosis, a person should not have any exceptional abilities. Of course, some people learn the practice of hypnotherapy more easily and apply it more successfully than others, but this applies to any area of ​​\u200b\u200bhuman activity.

In a state of trance, a person follows any instruction of the hypnotist

The idea of ​​the unconditional controllability of a person subjected to hypnosis originated on the basis of theatrical shows conducted by not quite conscientious hypnotists, circus performances or movies. In fact, in a state of trance, a person is fully aware of what is happening. The hypnotist cannot force the patient to perform actions that are contrary to his moral and ethical principles or sense of self-preservation. Stories about how a hypnotized person jumped out of a window or robbed a bank are just nonsense fiction.

After careful study, the allegations that in a state of trance a person blurts out all the secrets turned out to be untenable. That is why hypnosis has never been used in forensic science: information obtained from hypnotized witnesses or suspects is often unreliable.

Hypnosis is a strange and unusual state

There is nothing exceptional about hypnotic trance. Every day, each of us plunges into a similar state for a few minutes. This can happen while traveling in transport (a person is slightly turned off, thoughtlessly looking out the car window), listening to music, reading an interesting book, etc. We believe that at such moments we just dream or think, but in fact, the state of our brain is very similar to the one that occurs under hypnosis.

After coming out of a trance, a person does not remember his actions

Most people remember events that happened to them during a hypnotic session. Sometimes a person forgets about some of his actions during a trance, but memories are easily restored.

Under hypnosis, you can master skills of exceptional power

At this time, the patient's attention is maximally concentrated. He is really capable of actions that in reality represented a certain difficulty for him. In addition, hypnosis helps to liberate and do what in the normal state a person does not dare or is embarrassed to do.

In this case, we are not talking about some kind of awakening of superpowers, it is simply easier for the patient to do what he is capable of in ordinary life.

The practice of hypnosis is originally pagan and therefore condemned by the church.

The misconception is associated with the belief that shamans and some representatives of alternative medicine practice trance induction. Given that the hypnotherapist does not seek the help of external forces and cannot subjugate the patient's free will, most of the world's religions refer to the practice of inducing a hypnotic trance without judgment. For example, the Roman Catholic Church recognized hypnosis treatment as acceptable as early as 1847.

Hypnotherapy itself does not carry any religious overtones. True, it is often used by representatives of totalitarian sects for unscrupulous purposes, but because of this, the method itself cannot be considered unethical.

Some people are not hypnotic

The only reason that creates the impossibility of introducing a patient into a state of hypnosis is severe brain damage. A qualified hypnotherapist can help almost anyone to concentrate and fall into a trance, but the susceptibility to this kind of effort (hypnotizability) varies from person to person.

To conduct a successful hypnotic session, the active cooperation of the specialist and the patient is necessary, since it is impossible to put a person into a trance against his will.

A weak person is easily hypnotized

The hypnotizability of a person has nothing to do with his moral and volitional qualities. Here, rather, the ability to quickly concentrate attention, rich imagination, developed imaginative thinking and high intelligence play a role.

It is easier for a specialist to put into a trance a person who is intelligent, well-educated and emotional, with a desire to cooperate with the hypnotist and the absence of prejudice against the method itself.

The practice of hypnotic influence on the human mind dates back about two millennia. During this time, scientists managed to learn a lot about the phenomenon of hypnosis and learned how to use it to alleviate the condition of patients suffering from serious illnesses.

However, most non-medical people continue to share misconceptions no less ancient than the method of hypnotherapy itself. Today we will dispel the most common myths about hypnosis.

Source: depositphotos.com

Hypnotists use the help of external forces

About 200-250 years ago, even the most successful and talented hypnotherapists really believed that they put people into a trance state with the help of some mysterious external forces. In the early 19th century, scientists discovered that the hypnotherapist was not the root cause of trance. The specialist only helps the patient to concentrate, using techniques developed over the centuries, and a person falls into a hypnotic state on his own.

Confirmation of the conclusion is the fact that in order to master the skills of hypnosis, a person should not have any exceptional abilities. Of course, some people learn the practice of hypnotherapy more easily and apply it more successfully than others, but this applies to any area of ​​\u200b\u200bhuman activity.

In a state of trance, a person follows any instruction of the hypnotist

The idea of ​​the unconditional controllability of a person subjected to hypnosis originated on the basis of theatrical shows conducted by not quite conscientious hypnotists, circus performances or movies. In fact, in a state of trance, a person is fully aware of what is happening. The hypnotist cannot force the patient to perform actions that are contrary to his moral and ethical principles or sense of self-preservation. Stories about how a hypnotized person jumped out of a window or robbed a bank are just nonsense fiction.

After careful study, the allegations that in a state of trance a person blurts out all the secrets turned out to be untenable. That is why hypnosis has never been used in forensic science: information obtained from hypnotized witnesses or suspects is often unreliable.

Hypnosis is a strange and unusual state

There is nothing exceptional about hypnotic trance. Every day, each of us plunges into a similar state for a few minutes. This can happen while traveling in transport (a person is slightly turned off, thoughtlessly looking out the car window), listening to music, reading an interesting book, etc. We believe that at such moments we just dream or think, but in fact, the state of our brain is very similar to the one that occurs under hypnosis.

After coming out of a trance, a person does not remember his actions

Most people remember events that happened to them during a hypnotic session. Sometimes a person forgets about some of his actions during a trance, but memories are easily restored.

Under hypnosis, you can master skills of exceptional power

At this time, the patient's attention is maximally concentrated. He is really capable of actions that in reality represented a certain difficulty for him. In addition, hypnosis helps to liberate and do what in the normal state a person does not dare or is embarrassed to do.

In this case, we are not talking about some kind of awakening of superpowers, it is simply easier for the patient to do what he is capable of in ordinary life.

The practice of hypnosis is originally pagan and therefore condemned by the church.

The misconception is associated with the belief that shamans and some representatives of alternative medicine practice trance induction. Given that the hypnotherapist does not seek the help of external forces and cannot subjugate the patient's free will, most of the world's religions refer to the practice of inducing a hypnotic trance without judgment. For example, the Roman Catholic Church recognized hypnosis treatment as acceptable as early as 1847.

Hypnotherapy itself does not carry any religious overtones. True, it is often used by representatives of totalitarian sects for unscrupulous purposes, but because of this, the method itself cannot be considered unethical.

Some people are not hypnotic

The only reason that creates the impossibility of introducing a patient into a state of hypnosis is severe brain damage. A qualified hypnotherapist can help almost anyone to concentrate and fall into a trance, but the susceptibility to this kind of effort (hypnotizability) varies from person to person.

To conduct a successful hypnotic session, the active cooperation of the specialist and the patient is necessary, since it is impossible to put a person into a trance against his will.

A weak person is easily hypnotized

The hypnotizability of a person has nothing to do with his moral and volitional qualities. Here, rather, the ability to quickly concentrate attention, rich imagination, developed imaginative thinking and high intelligence play a role.

It is easier for a specialist to put into a trance a person who is intelligent, well-educated and emotional, with a desire to cooperate with the hypnotist and the absence of prejudice against the method itself.

The issue of danger in using hypnosis in one's own assessments is still a matter of controversy. Some psychotherapists proceed from the principle that any effective remedy in large doses is dangerous to health, and recommend the use of hypnosis skillfully and with caution. There is another opinion. So, even P. Janet (1859-1947), bearing in mind this principle, argued: "Unfortunately, hypnotism and suggestion are too little dangerous."

The negative impact of hypnosis on human health must be considered in two aspects:

1. Possible harm by hypnosis itself as a psychophysiological process in the form of an adverse effect on the mental sphere of the hypnotized or other functional systems of the body.

2. A multiple increase in the danger of an unkind word for a person who perceives this word in hypnosis or phase states of consciousness close to it. As a result, an unfavorable second-signal stimulus can become a dangerous pathogenetic factor not only for the health, but also for the life of the victim.

In domestic hypnology, A. A. Tokarsky was the first to show interest in the possible negative consequences of hypnosis. Based on his own clinical observations (1889), he refuted the statements of some foreign authors about the dangers of hypnotization, although at the same time he spoke about the necessary precautions. He noted that after leaving a deep hypnotic state, the hypnotized person retains increased suggestibility for some time, and therefore, at first, he must be protected from accidental adverse influences. By the way, it is this feature of hypnosis that has served as one of the causes of many complications after modern sessions of telehypnotherapy, which are still to be discussed.

KI Platonov saw no particular reason to show increased concern for the harmful effects of hypnosis. Summarizing his experience of reproducing pathological syndromes in previously ill patients, he wrote: “The method of experimental reproduction of pathological symptoms cannot be harmful to the personality of the former patient. This is evidenced by many years of observations and modern cerebrophysiological teaching (functional mosaic of the higher parts of the nervous system)" 1 .

A. T. Pshonik (1952) also wrote about the absence of harmful consequences of the reproduction of neurotic states syndromes in recovered patients. It evoked in the subjects the external symptom of "vascular neurosis" by bringing together two opposite stimuli. Such a "pathology", formed in the experiment, he considered nothing more than a physiological model of a real neurosis.

M. S. Lebedinsky pointed out that “one should almost never be afraid of the harmful effects of the hypnotic method used by the doctor, but it is necessary to take into account some of the difficulties that sometimes arise when using this method” 2 . As an example, he describes a case of treatment with prolonged interrupted sleep with a combination of hypnosis and sleeping pills, as a result of which the patient developed hallucinations and delusional statements. The adverse symptoms were easily and completely eliminated by appropriate countersuggestion.

In recent years in the United States, as a result of the widespread use of hypnosis for various kinds mental influences, there were reports of its adverse effects. X. Rosen (1960), citing a significant number of such observations, indicates that any kind of psychotherapy, including hypnosis, is unsafe in the hands of people who are not familiar with the basics of suggestology. The failures here, he says, are as striking as the successes.

I. Hilgard with co-authors (1961) summarized the materials on the complications observed during hypnosis (15 cases). He believes that complications in the form of individual symptoms or hysteroid reactions occur only in patients with psychotic tendencies in relation to therapy. It is not known, moreover, he notes, whether these complications are a consequence of the use of hypnosis, or whether they would have appeared with the use of any method of psychotherapy. In the process of experimenting with 220 healthy people, he continues, short-term effects after the action were observed in 17 people (7.7%), and in five subjects they lasted only a few hours after the experiment, and for the rest, a certain correction of well-being was required in repeated hypnosis.

J.T. Shertok (1992) has also observed occasional transient aggravations in people undergoing hypnotherapy. Re-examination of these patients several years later indicated that the symptoms that occurred were short-lived.

Detailed analysis possible complications with hypnosis and their prerequisites, I. P. Bryazgunov, who has extensive experience in hypnotherapy in children, conducted. It is known that the child's psyche is extremely sensitive to suggestive influences, and therefore careless handling of the word is fraught with complications here to an even greater extent.

In connection with the possible negative effect of hypnosis on human health, IP Bryazgunov points to absolute and relative contraindications to its use. He refers to absolute contraindications intoxication with high body temperature and confusion, as well as those cases when hypnosis can provoke compensated disorders in the body (diencephalic crises, epileptic and hysterical seizures). Relative contraindications include diseases in which complications may occur as a result of possible excitement, often occurring before the hypnotization procedure (cardiovascular insufficiency, tendency to bleed). The harmful effects of hypnosis, he believes, can manifest themselves with frequent hypnotization (a tendency to auto-hypnosis is developed), as well as with incorrectly constructed suggestion formulas. In these cases, spontaneous hallucinations, post-hypnotic delirium, mood disorders, confusion are possible. Hasty withdrawal from hypnosis can also cause the patient to feel unwell (heaviness in the head, headaches, dizziness, drowsiness). IP Bryazgunov does not agree with the assertion that hypnosis weakens the will; on the contrary, hypnosis has a positive effect in this direction (treatment of phobias, substance abuse). In conclusion, he points out that in his practice there were only minor complications, easily eliminated by appropriate suggestion.

Our own experience of repeated reproduction in hypnosis of such a strong stressful effect as a previously experienced emergency parachute jump, allows us to speak about the harmlessness of such effects for the health of the subjects, if they are carried out in compliance with the principles of psychohygiene and suggestology 1 . However, this does not mean that repeated experiences in hypnosis of very strong emotional stress do not leave consequences in the form of general weakness, fatigue, etc. These symptoms can be quite pronounced if a qualified correction of the subject's post-hypnotic well-being is not carried out. One of the advantages of this method is that it allows you to eliminate unwanted side reactions by suggestion.

Until a certain time, hypnosis was used exclusively in medical offices, and the sessions themselves were carried out with one patient or with a group of patients, all of whom were under vigilant medical supervision. The absence under these conditions of significant complications in the treatment of hypnosis led to the fact that the vast majority of specialists, as already noted, formed an opinion about the complete harmlessness of this therapeutic agent. Such a judgment proceeded from conventional medical logic, according to which any effective therapeutic agent, under certain conditions, is capable of producing a negative side effect.

However, with the introduction of "show psychotherapy" in its television and variety versions, it became clear that hypnosis is in principle potent, and in the hands of an irresponsible "healer" and an unsafe "healing" remedy. This pernicious quality of hypnosis manifested itself quite convincingly when it was used in mass sessions, especially on television. The reason for the complications was the lack of direct contact with the subject of suggestive manipulations, which did not allow assessing and, if necessary, correcting his post-hypnotic state.

As already noted, hypnosis is a very diverse phenomenon, and the nervous processes underlying it are characterized by a certain inertia. Therefore, we can safely say that after each session of mass hypnosis, in the absence of individual psycho-correction, some part of its participants remains for some time in varying degrees of pronounced millet-night (phase) states. Often this is an equalizing or paradoxical phase (according to I.P. Pavlov). They are characterized by the fact that in this state the second-signal (verbal) stimuli are equal in strength to the primary signal, unconditional, or even surpass them in their effectiveness. In these cases, even healthy people various kinds of fears, anxious thoughts about the state of one's health, difficult memories, inappropriate remarks, etc., can cause the development of adverse mental reactions that take on a stagnant character, and then turn into a real illness.

In medical practice, there were cases when, in one day, severe skin diseases, the course of hypertension, peptic ulcer, etc., became aggravated. A very serious complication of irresponsible forms of hypnosis is lethargic sleep. It develops when a telepatient after a session spontaneously plunges into the so-called narcotic phase of a hypnoid state and loses verbal communication with others. There were several reports of such cases in the periodical press.

Incompletely eliminated hypnoid phases serve as a prerequisite for the fixation of adverse obsessive reactions. An example is the following case. During a regular TV show, a woman accidentally dozed off. At that moment, the son dropped a cup on the floor, which broke with a clang. The woman shuddered and woke up. This reaction first occurred in a sleepy state, was fixed and later manifested itself in the form of an obsessive twitching of the shoulder. At telehypnosis sessions, the prerequisites are created for the production of similar reactions on a mass scale. For the same reasons, the most frequent, albeit relatively "light" complications in telehealing were cases of insomnia in its most diverse forms. Doctors heard a lot of complaints about this in due time.

Finally, another unpleasant side of hypnosis television sessions (as well as its pop versions) is that they contribute to the growth of the highly suggestible contingent of the population. We do not need to raise this figure in any case. The fact is that for various reasons the number of highly suggestible people in our country turned out to be unprecedentedly high. An analysis of the causes of this circumstance is an independent question, and it is inappropriate to elucidate it here. It can only be noted that if 20-30 years ago the number of highly suggestible people in our country was 20-30%, now it is approaching 100%. This situation gives rise to rather serious socio-cultural problems commensurate with an ecological disaster.

It should be said that in a harmoniously developed person, the mental property of suggestibility is opposed by counter-suggestibility. Both the first and second properties perform important regulatory functions.

Suggestibility contributes to the formation of the social psychology of people, the introduction into their psyche of similar views, beliefs, opinions, assessments, norms of activity and behavior, making a person a socially controlled being.

Countersuggestibility contributes to the formation of directly opposite tendencies: the desire for self-determination, independence from extraneous influences. Countersuggestibility protects the individual and society from psychological expansion from the outside, contributes to the preservation of ethnic and cultural traditions, the manifestation of one's own internal activity of the individual, personal interests.

Violation of the phylogenetically established balance between these mental functions leads to the development of unfavorable personality traits, and at the same time, specific destructive processes in society. In particular, the excessive growth of suggestibility in the bulk of the population forms the following social trends:

1. Decreased initiative and vital activity with an increased manifestation of the tendency to be satisfied with "herd", group tastes and interests.

2. Weakening of the ability for self-regulation, self-organization of behavior and performance and, as a result, an increase in interest in the phenomena of primitive social consciousness (fortune-telling, witchcraft, amateur healing).

3. An increase in the number of hysteroid behavioral reactions (begging, foolishness) and psychosomatic diseases developing according to the mechanism of mental infection.

4. More intense manifestation of various kinds of psychopathology of a sexual nature (sexual perversions, childish sexuality), as well as criminogenic actions arising from the mechanism of imitation.

5. Decrease in moral requirements and the level of culture in society. Culture is not a product of imitative behavior, it is the result of an active processing of the amount of accumulated knowledge, the assimilation of moral laws and norms. In a society with high suggestibility, an imitative style of behavior prevails, in which its external attributes are preferred, rather than its internal content. Therefore, in such societies, marginal forms of culture, i.e., its lower, surrogate types, are predominantly developed.

6. Appearance a large number persons with "messianic" claims - healers, sorcerers, magicians, astrologers, "contactees", etc. In this case, those feedbacks that come from a highly suggestible social environment work very effectively. Her high readiness to "listen" and unquestioningly carry out commands and "settings" easily convinces the newly-appeared "messiahs" of the complete exclusivity of their capabilities. In turn, these "messiahs" contribute to the numerical growth of the environment, which in the literal and figurative sense becomes nutritious for them. As a result, a vicious vicious circle is formed, in which a social product in the form of a defective psyche is produced on a massive scale.

Thus, the unjustifiably widespread use of hypnotic influences in various kinds of social (not medical) institutions - in educational institutions, sports clubs, army organizations, etc. - and even more so the massive use of such influences on television and radio, leads to excessive growth suggestibility of the population and to those negative consequences that were listed earlier.

It should be added to the above that some variety hypnotists, and even professional psychotherapists, often use forms of hypnosis in their practice in which suggestions are addressed directly to the subconscious. In connection with the fact that in this case new aspects of the possible abuse of suggestion appear, it is necessary to say the following.

In hypnology, several methods of suggestion are known, carried out without the knowledge of the patient and, therefore, not realized by him. One of them is “Ericksonian hypnosis”, which has recently become famous in our country, named after the American psychotherapist Milton Erickson (1901-1980), who developed and used the method of unconscious suggestion in psychotherapeutic practice. This method is based on the technique of "hidden suggestion" and is carried out as follows.

The psychotherapist seems to spontaneously tell the patient a story, inserting into it in an arbitrary order, out of connection with the main text, single words (3-4 in total), which in their totality make up a certain suggestion. Each such word is distinguished in one way or another: by a touch, a pause, a knock, etc., although in principle it remains a “disguised” general text. During one story, such a suggestion is repeated 3-4 times.

M. Erickson's hypnotherapy technique is rich in various kinds of methodological findings and suggestive techniques, but its effectiveness has not been tested by special experimental studies. Therefore, the effectiveness of this technique of subconscious suggestion remains problematic. Many foreign psychotherapists tend to this conclusion. So, F. Frankl, analyzing one of the collections devoted to the ideas and works of M. Erickson, writes: “However, I am not always convinced by Erickson's explanations and statements, most of which seem to be simplified, as well as the common interpretations of the compilers of this collection, which any at a price, they strive to intellectually justify every intuitive, spontaneous and not always intelligible remark of their teacher” 1 .

Another method of suggestion, addressed directly to the subconscious, is even more exotic and completely unexplored. modern methods psychophysiology. It owes its origin to the Eastern, predominantly occult tradition, and is known in competent circles as "heart suggestion."

Both of these methods of influencing the subconscious are among the little-studied. Therefore, the psychotherapist should use them very carefully, only in individual cases when the patient is under observation. Their use in mass audiences, and even more so on television, is simply criminal: there are states when unconscious suggestions produce the opposite effect.

We have considered the possible negative effects of hypnosis itself as a physiological process, that is, those cases where the inhibitory phases of the psyche in themselves have an adverse effect on the human body.

At the beginning of the section, we also spoke about those not numerous situations when hypnosis or states close to it are only a particularly favorable background for the manifestation of the action of an unkind word, the morbid role of which has long been noted by the experience of traditional medicine. The origins of this experience date back to the earliest historical epochs in the development of mankind, from the time of the widespread development of numerous forms of magic.

‘Cit. Quoted from: Shertok L. Hypnosis. M., 1992. S. 161.

and the occult. Then the word in its damaging effect was considered the same real object as any physical object. In modern scientific research, significant features of the effective role of the word, including pathogenic ones, have been revealed. The damaging property of the word, which very often manifests itself in relations between people, is determined by the psychophysiological nature of speech as a specific stimulus.

A complete understanding of the psychophysical mechanisms of influence by verbal suggestion on the processes occurring in the human body was obtained only as a result of IP Pavlov's work on higher nervous activity. It was on this basis that it was possible to explain how the word of one person can influence the processes of higher nervous activity of another person, what is the mechanism of direct and indirect suggestion, as well as self-hypnosis, and what is their role in human life, in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by the damaging effect of the word. In the doctrine of higher nervous activity, it was shown that the second signal system of reality (word, speech in all its forms), inherent only in man, reflects his social and labor essence and is a multi-comprehensive conditioned stimulus, the basis of a complex system of "interhuman signaling".

Conditional reactions of the second signal system are formed on the material basis of the first signal system. At the same time, the second signaling system, in turn, affects the first and the subcortex, “firstly, by its inhibition, which is so developed in it and which is absent or almost absent in the subcortex (and which is less developed, presumably, in the first signaling system) ; secondly, it also acts by its positive activity - the law of induction” 1 . At the same time, the activity of the second signaling system is subject to the same physiological laws as the activity of the first. This position of I.P. Pavlov is the starting point for elucidating the mechanism of the influence of a word on the second signal system, and through it - on the first and on the subcortex. Since the higher nervous activity of a person is socially determined, in joint work two of its signal systems

‘Pavlovsky environments. M.; L., 1949. T. 3. S. 10.

influences of the social environment are also reflected. Therefore, the historically formed speech system is capable of causing a wide variety of reactions in the human body that can be objectively recorded.

It has been established that under certain conditions of the central nervous system, the degree of effectiveness of the word and its influence on the physiological processes in the body increase significantly. This pattern manifests itself under the condition of some inhibition of the cerebral cortex, when its cells are in the so-called phase states. Usually, an awake nerve cell responds to a stimulus according to the rule of force relations: the stronger the stimulus, the more intense the response to it. In a partially inhibited, sleepy state (in hypnosis, before falling asleep, upon waking up, in a tired state), this pattern is violated: nerve cells almost do not react to a strong stimulus, while to a weak one (in this case, the word is meant), they respond with a pronounced reaction. In addition, in the sleepy phases, weak stimuli acquire another property: they create foci of excitation, fixed points that constantly exert their influence on the course. mental processes, including in the subsequent waking state.

The problem of damage to health with a word is especially important in the communication of a doctor, and indeed of all medical personnel, with a patient. Considering the special significance of words and the very attitude of the doctor to the patient, who, most often, being in a phase state of anxiety, or even simply fear for his health, is highly suggestible, it can be argued with good reason that communication with him requires great sensitivity and tact. A careless word, unnecessary diagnostic terms, irresponsibly issued certificates, certificates, laboratory tests given to the patient very often involuntarily cause a number of new painful symptoms in him or support existing ones, thereby negatively affecting his psyche. Therefore, the doctor must not only speak skillfully with the patient, but also skillfully keep silent.

The phenomena of the negative influence of medical "defects in communication" with the patient are so common in medical practice that they even received a special name iatrogeny (from the Greek iathros - doctor). They have the character of a certain neurosis and are difficult to treat later. Russian clinical scientists have always paid great attention to the prevention of such health disorders. In this row are such names as V. M. Bekhterev, Yu. V., Kannabikh, K. I. Platonov, R. A. Luria, M. V. Chernorutsky and many others.

Cases of damage to health in a word are found not only in the field of medical activity. Such phenomena are not uncommon in pedagogical practice. For the first time, KI Platonov drew attention to this group of neuroses and called them didactogenies (from the Greek didakteon - teaching) 1 . Such violations are manifested by negative shifts in the mood of an individual or even a team and sometimes reach painful states, and are usually caused by an insensitive, rude influence of the word of a teacher or leader.

The notoriety of the "dashing word" as a carrier of evil in Everyday life known to every person almost from childhood. At present, in connection with the intensification of work on the study of energy-informational interactions in nature, the effective function of speech is considered not only from purely informational positions, but also from energy-field ones. And here (again?) the attention of science is again directed to the study of various occult traditions that use the word as a tool for paranormal activities.

Psychotherapists, especially recent times, it is not uncommon to deal with cases like that, which was described by L. L. Vasiliev (1963). Residents of the city of Elabuga, students of the factory school P. (20 years old) and 3. (16 years old), one after another received “anonymous letters”, in which it was written in scribbles that for such and such in such For a day and an hour they will be punished with illness - writhing, loss of voice and speech, deafness, pain in the head and hands ... In the indicated time frame, all this was largely fulfilled. In P., the painful symptoms suggested by the letter lasted three weeks, in 3. - for several days. Both girls later told that in a dream a certain old woman appeared to them, who allegedly brought “damage” to them. Call the sick

‘See: Platonov K.I. The word as a physiological and therapeutic factor. pp. 292, 294.

There was a paramedic from the local polyclinic, and the "anonymous letters" were handed over to the people's court, which questioned the witnesses. It is interesting that traditional healers, and now certified psychotherapists who are interested in the methods of energy informatics, do a good job of eliminating such ailments in a fairly short time.

Cases of unlawful invocation of disease-causing suggestions continue to occur even today. An example of a kind of “anonymous letter”, fraught with a real threat to the health and even life of the reader, should be considered a certain “analogue” of an announcement placed in the White Brotherhood newspaper “Yusmalos” (1993, No. 13). The author of this "announcement" is undoubtedly quite familiar with the basics of suggestology, since the mental programming of the reader is carried out here at a fairly competent level. The text placed in a double frame reads literally the following: “The curse from the lips of the Yusmalian-anin has a spiritual and material-physical basis: the wicked, struck by the Word of God, will inevitably perish in the near future, family members of the blasphemer or those who raised their hands against the Holy Angel of the Living Church of God are also struck. !!!" As we see, the possibility is not ruled out that psychotherapists will have to master a new type of medical care - the treatment of various neuroses and psychogenies caused by this kind of malicious programming.

Finally, there is another aspect of possible harm through hypnosis - the direct suggestion to the subject of damage to his own physical status. Speaking about the reality of posing the question precisely in this way, one should cite the corresponding statement of R. Kraft-Ebing a hundred years ago. “Be that as it may,” he wrote, “but one cannot, of course, deny the possibility that in the future both the court and the medical experts will have to, in some cases; reckon with hypnotic suggestions and post-hypnotic actions. It is impossible not to agree with Moll's opinion that at the present time there are factual indications in science of the success of suggestion of such a post-hypnotic action as suicide.

In judicial practice, such cases could not be found. However, the results of experimental modeling of such situations show that with a high degree of suggestibility of the corresponding "victims", the implementation of malicious suggestions is quite possible.

P. Marren describes the experiments of Dr. Botten, who, with the help of special suggestions in a hypnotic state, provoked attempts of various methods of suicide. Thus, in accordance with the experimenter's suggestion, the hypnotized persons shot themselves with a revolver both directly during the experiment and in the post-hypnotic period (several hours after withdrawal from hypnosis). In other experiments, the hypnotized took "poison". So, two days after the hypnosession, subject S.L., in accordance with the received delayed suggestion, swallowed a dark liquid from a vial labeled "Poison." Before that, she wrote a suicide note in which she said that she had decided to die, and asked that no one be blamed for her death. It is characteristic that, after taking the “poison” (tinted water), after some time S. L. felt severe pain in the epigastric region, which at the end of the experiment was removed with difficulty by means of appropriate counter-suggestions.

Assessing the dubious humane side of these experiments, it must be said that modern hypnologists would hardly be able to consciously form such a high affective load on the psyche of the subjects. It seems that the real negative result of such hypnotic experiments must be taken into account.