The parents are Rh positive and the child is Rh positive. Rh negative parents. Can Rh negative parents have a baby with Rh positive?

Perhaps, in anticipation of the birth of a baby, the question of how the Rh factor is inherited is in the first place only among women who are afraid of a Rh conflict. For other parents, external data and the health of the unborn child are much more important. But it is worth noting that the characteristics of blood are no less important for a little man than hair color or eye shape, so you should familiarize yourself with the concept of Rh (Rh) and the principles of its inheritance.

Rh positive and negative

A person can have a group of lipoproteins on the surface of red blood cells, it is found in about 85% of people, and in this case we are talking about the Rh-positive factor. But the absence of lipoproteins in 15% of children does not indicate a disease or developmental anomalies, but only indicates a negative Rh. The presence or absence of a lipoprotein group on an erythrocyte in most cases does not affect a person’s lifestyle in any way, only women with a negative Rh during pregnancy have a risk of an Rh conflict.

The lipoprotein formula has a rather complex composition, it will include various antigens, but the Latin D is used to denote the Rh factor:

• "+" is denoted by D;
• "-" put the letter d;

In this case, D is a dominant, and d is a recessive gene.

It would seem that D + d will always give a "+", but there are some nuances of the inheritance of the Rh factor, in which both parents with a positive Rh are born Rh-negative children.

The mismatch of the Rh factor in parents and the child very often causes suspicions of treason and family quarrels, but in fact this is the norm and Rh-positive parents can have Rh-negative children.

Why is this happening? To do this, we need to consider how parental genes are inherited and what a chromosome set is.

A little about genetics

Probably, many still remember from school that all cells of the human body, except for the cells of the reproductive system, consist of two chromosomes that carry dominant and recessive genes.

The egg and sperm have the same chromosome set, and during fertilization, new cell, which has a unique combination of chromosomes, which is responsible for external data and some features of the fetal body.

Rh, like other characteristics, is genetically transmitted, and the following combination may occur when an egg is fertilized:

As you can see, in the second case, the combination of Dd consists of a dominant and a recessive trait, that is, children are born with Rh "+", but they also have a recessive Rh "-" gene. Of course, at the level of genetic research, it is possible to identify which combination is available - DD or Dd, but this analysis is very complicated, it is not necessary.

For the presumptive determination of Rhesus by obstetricians, a table of inheritance is used.

Having considered how Rh is formed, it can be noted that in 100% of cases, a negative Rh is inherited only from Rh-negative parents, in all other cases, the formation of both a negative and a positive Rh factor is possible. Moreover, the gender of the parent does not affect how Rh is inherited, inheritance depends only on the dominant gene.

A little about Rhesus conflict

Many women with Rh "-" are afraid to give birth to a man with Rh "+", fearing that they will not be able to bear and give birth to a healthy child. But this fear is not always justified.

• the maternal organism, which does not have a lipoprotein component on the surface of erythrocytes, perceives the fetal lipoproteins as a foreign body;
• the immune system of the pregnant woman begins to actively produce antibodies that destroy the erythrocytes of the embryo;
• during this process, a large number of red blood cells die in the embryo, which leads to miscarriage or fading of pregnancy (fetal death).

The blood type and Rh of the fetus are formed by the end of the 3rd month of development, and it is at this time that a pregnant woman can lose her baby. But is there any hope for heterogeneous couples to have healthy children?

In fact, everything is not so scary and techniques have been developed that allow a woman to bear a full-fledged baby even with a negative factor.

1. A specific vaccination that suppresses the reaction of the woman's immune system against foreign lipids. Vaccination can be done both before conception, when planning pregnancy, and immediately after determining an interesting position.
2. Regular medical supervision. Such women have to take tests and visit antenatal clinics more often than other groups of pregnant women in order to timely identify the first deviations during pregnancy.

But only by the end of the 3rd month of gestation it will be possible to determine whether Rh “+” or Rh “-” is transmitted from the father. If a negative factor is detected in the fetus, then the pregnancy will proceed without the risk of embryo death due to the immune system of the pregnant woman.

Knowing about the inheritance of Rhesus helps to suggest the Rh factor of the baby even before his birth. But in most cases, this information plays an important role only in preventing Rh conflict in pregnant women.

Rh factor is a certain property of red blood cells, and it is inherent in most people. If a person's blood has this property, then it is called Rh-positive. If this property is absent in red blood cells, it is called Rh-negative.

And if for human health the absence or presence of the Rh factor does not matter, then there are a number of situations, the role of these properties becomes extremely large.

For example, this is very important for a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood. her child's blood will be Rh-positive, then there is a high probability of developing a conflict, which poses a great danger to the newborn.

Studies show that the Rh factor is inherited, and, in accordance with the general laws of heredity, a child inherits one trait from mothers, and the second from father, therefore, the group properties of his blood, including the Rh factor, are composed, as it were, of two “halves”.

If a woman's blood is Rh-negative, and her husband's blood is Rh-positive, and these "halves" are in some sense different, then what will happen?

Studies show that the Rh positive factor is able to suppress the signs of the Rh negative factor, which makes it unrecognizable, the consequences of which can be quite important.

For example, a woman has blood Rh negative, and the man Rh positive, but she has a masked Rh-negative trait. The child, inheriting in equal measure, inherits from the father a clear positive and latent negative factors, but, in combination with the mother's negative, the child will have Rh-negative blood.

According to the same laws of heredity, an amazing case is also possible when parents with Rh-positive blood have a child whose blood is Rh-negative.

This is explained by the presence of a latent Rh-negative trait in the mother and father. If they give the child obvious Rh-positive properties, then the baby will have the same Rh-positive blood. However, if both of them reward the child with their masked Rh-negative factors, which become apparent in combination, then a paradox will be observed in which both parents have Rh-positive blood, and the child is Rh-negative.

If both spouses have Rh-negative blood, then the child will have the same blood.. This is a good option, in which the Rhesus conflict will not occur. This coincidence is happy, but rare, since Rh-negative blood is not so common - about 15% among Europeans and no more than 5% among Asians.

But even if a man has Rh-positive blood, the child is not necessarily in danger, and practice shows that most children are born healthy. Talking about the danger, doctors talk about the risk, or the likelihood of an Rhesus conflict.

During pregnancy, the mother and are combined into a single biological system, but between them there is also a border outpost in the form of a placenta, which protects the fetus from harmful factors. These factors may come from the mother's body, but at the same time, the mother is also protected from dangerous influences from the fetus. It is the placental barrier that makes it possible to successfully resolve most of the Rh-incompatible pregnancies.

But sometimes this barrier turns out to be faulty, in which case they penetrate through the placenta into the mother's body fetal erythrocytes. If the blood of the child and the mother is incompatible with the Rh factor, then the erythrocytes of the fetus are foreign to the mother, and the body's immune system includes protective reactions against everything foreign. Rh antibodies arise and begin to eliminate incompatible red blood cells, and this does not only occur in the mother's bloodstream. Penetrating into the blood of the fetus, they carry out their destructive work there. The result may be intrauterine damage to the fetus, and

Both my wife and I are Rh-positive, and my son is Rh-negative. Could this be? Nikolai N., Grodno region

Viktor Andreev, Professor of the Department of Medical Biology and General Genetics, GrSMU:

For a long time, people have noted that the child is not an exact copy of the parents. It happens that children have features that are not characteristic of either mother or father.
Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain such observations. The concept of fused heredity has received the widest recognition. According to it, the totality of all the characteristics of each parent is transmitted as a whole to the offspring, in which they mix and lose their individuality.

Supporters of this opinion consider the hereditary substance to be a continuous and precisely divided material. Her symbol is blood. Echoes of such a representation - preserved from early XVIII centuries of the expression "purebred", "half-breed" (in relation to animals), "blood relationship", "blue blood". The difference between the offspring from father and mother was explained by mixing, and between sisters and brothers - by the variability of the "blood strength" of the parents. The argument in favor of fused heredity is that some traits of the offspring are something in between the traits of the parents. Such a speculative interpretation raises many questions for the spouses to each other.

The founder of the experimentally proven scientific theory of discrete (separate) heredity was Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884). The scientist discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance and showed that the factors that are now called genes, the descendant receives from each of the parents.
The gene determines the formation of one elementary trait, while the latter may have several specific manifestations (in genetics - phenes).

For example, the color of the iris is brown or blue; eyelashes - long, short or medium; lips - thin, full or medium fullness; hair is straight or curly. These varieties (versions, states) are called alleles. Of the gene alleles in the human genotype, only 2 can be - from the mother and from the father. Genes do not merge, but when germ cells are formed, they diverge independently of each other. One allele enters one gamete (sperm or egg), and another allele enters the other.

Alleles can be dominant and recessive (from Latin recessus - retreat); the latter do not appear phenotypically in the presence of the dominant allele.
The dominant allele that determines the Rh-positive blood type is Rh; recessive, or hidden, - rh. Allelic pairs of genes are made during fertilization - in the egg there will be one of the possible combinations: RhRh, Rhrh or rhrh.

If both parents have Rh-negative blood (their genotypes are rhrh and rhrh), then a child with Rh-positive cannot be born.

In the case when the mother and father are Rh-positive and their genotypes are homozygous for the dominant allele (RhRh and RhRh), all children will have Rh-positive blood (RhRh genotype).

Since the author of the letter and his wife have a child with Rh-negative blood, then, according to the discrete theory of heredity, the parents are heterozygous by genotype, that is, each has both a dominant and a recessive allele in the genotype (father's genotype is Rhrh; mother's - Rhh). In such a family, a son or daughter can have both Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood.

Genetics is a stubborn and seemingly unpredictable thing.

Do you think that only in ancient times poor mothers suffered from the evil gossip of their neighbors, if suddenly a blond baby was born to dark-haired parents?

In this article, we will answer the following questions:

1M Can the same parents have children with different rhesus?
2. M Can a child of Rh negative parents be Rh positive?
3. E If mom and dad are Rh positive, can they have an Rh negative baby?

And now a little genetics (simplified and clear).

How is the Rh factor inherited?

Each person has two genes responsible for the Rh factor. We take one gene from the father, the other from the mother. Each of them can be:

R- Rh factor gene.

r- the gene for the absence of the Rh factor.

Obviously, only three pairs of Rh genes are possible for a person:

– RR (Rhesus positive person)

– Rr (a person with a positive Rh who is a carrier of a negative)

– rr (person with Rh negative)

R - dominant gene, in combination with a minus gives a plus 🙂

Therefore, Rh-positive people are of two types: RR and Rr. Unfortunately, if you have a positive Rh, no one will voluntarily tell you what type it is - RR or Rr.

A routine blood test for the Rh factor will only determine the fact itself - “you have a plus” (a more thorough study can be done for a fee at genetics institutes and large perinatal centers). But sometimes the type of positive Rh can be calculated from children 🙂

From personal experience:

Example #1. My mom has Rh +, my dad has Rh -, I have Rh -. This means that the mother is a carrier of the Rh negative gene, i.e. she has a positive Rh type Rr (clearly in Scheme 2).

Example #2. I am Rh negative and my husband is Rh positive. The baby was born Rh positive. Because the baby inherits one gene from me, then it definitely has the Rr type (see diagram 2).

Rh-negative people (rr) cannot be carriers of a positive Rh (because it would then dominate and give a plus).

In the world there can be only three situations of inheritance of the Rh factor:

1. Both parents are Rh negative.

On the scheme 1 it is very clearly seen that only Rh-negative children can be born to such parents.

2. One parent is Rh negative, the other is Rh positive.

On the scheme 2 it can be seen that in two cases out of eight they will have a child with a negative Rh, and in six cases out of eight a Rh-positive child will be born, which is a carrier of a negative gene.

3. Both parents are Rh positive.

On the scheme 3 it is clearly seen that in one case out of sixteen, this couple can have an Rh-negative child, in six cases, Rh-positive children who are carriers of the gene for the negative Rh factor can be born, and in 9 cases out of 16 these will be Rh-positive (completely Rh-dominant) children.

If my explanations remain incomprehensible to you, I will answer the questions:

1. Can the same parents have children with different Rhesus? They can.

2. Can a child of Rh-negative parents have a positive Rh? No.

3. If mom and dad are Rh positive, can they have an Rh negative baby? Yes.

From personal experience:

My friend's husband thought he was Rh negative. And he assured everyone of it. The most familiar also had a negative Rh, so when a child with a positive Rh was born, the obstetrician said during childbirth: either from a neighbor, or your husband is lying.

Having survived the collapse on the delivery table, the angry woman finally got an official blood test from her husband, which confirmed that her husband was Rh positive!

Many have heard of such a term as "Rhesus conflict", but what does this term actually mean? By itself, the negative Rh factor is far from being as scary as it might seem. It is not always the cause of the Rh conflict, but it is advisable to take care of its prevention as early as possible - preferably, even at the stage of pregnancy planning.

Only in this case it will be possible to reduce the likelihood of complications to a minimum. And is it really so terrible and inevitable if the expectant mother has a negative Rh-affiliation? We will analyze these issues in the article.

What is Rh blood and what does it mean when planning a child?

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. In total, there are about fifty types of these proteins. If at least one of them is present in the body future mother, then it means that her Rh factor is positive, and if it is absent, then it is negative. At the same time, only the D antigen affects the occurrence of the Rh conflict.

The fact that a protein is present or, conversely, absent in the human body does not at all mean that it has some kind of disease or pathology. It's just a genetic trait, just like eye color, hair color, or blood type.

According to honey. statistics, Rh negative is not that common, it occurs in only 15% of people in the world. And yet, if a woman is Rh-, you need to be especially careful when planning a pregnancy, since each unsuccessful attempt can lead to serious Negative consequences for the opportunity to become a mother.

How does it affect conception and fetus in the future?

The Rh factor itself does not affect the likelihood and ease of conceiving a child, but the different Rh factor of the spouses will affect how the pregnancy will later proceed. So, the most favorable case is when both potential parents have the same Rhesus, but this is not always the case. Conception will not happen faster just because of the coincidence of the couple's Rh, since a lot of factors influence this process, but pregnancy will be easier when the future father and mother are both Rh-positive.

Rh-negative husband and wife also significantly reduce the risk of problems in the future.. When a child inherits a positive Rh from the father, with a negative mother's blood type, the development of an Rh-conflict disease is possible.

We offer you to watch a video about the effect of the Rh factor on the course of pregnancy:

Does the absence of the D antigen in the mother affect the bearing of the child?

Immunity protects a person from infectious diseases and this happens due to the fact that the body's antibodies destroy foreign proteins and antigens that have entered it.

If the mother's blood is Rh-negative, then, as her future baby is Rh-positive, the woman's body perceives the fetus as something alien and hostile, which is why it starts an immune attack against it. At the same time, erythrocytes in the blood of the unborn baby, which are literally destroyed, are at particular risk. This phenomenon is called Rhesus conflict and, if nothing is done, this phenomenon can lead to very unpleasant consequences.

It should be understood that Rh negative mother is not an indicator that Rh conflict is inevitable.

In the event that the woman and the future crumbs are Rh negative, these problems simply will not arise. Yes, and if the rhesus of the mother and child do not match, it also does not always occur.

Is it possible to get pregnant with different or identical values?

With a positive in a woman and a man

This combination is considered the most optimal. Most often, with it, pregnancy occurs quickly and there are no conflicts during conception.

When mom and dad are negative

As a rule, there are no problems with the possibility of conception in this case either. If there is infertility, then it is not associated with a negative Rh in both partners, but with some other reasons.

If the spouses are different

In this case, everything is not so clear. Most often, with different rhesus in partners, a woman manages to get pregnant, although she bears and gives birth healthy child however, it does not always work. In particular, the pregnancy of an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive child can lead to gestation problems, and if the situation is the opposite, then problems should not arise. The body of an Rh-positive mother will not react negatively to an Rh-negative fetus.

What is Rhesus conflict in obstetrics, and why does it occur?

Rh-conflict pregnancy - what is it?

Under this concept in obstetrics understand any pregnancy, accompanied by the production of antibodies directed against fetal cells. The Rhesus conflict itself develops according to the type, like any other immunological reaction. It arises due to the fact that the mother with a negative Rh factor and future child, which is Rh positive, exchange blood.

At the same time, the mother's immune system regards the presence of the fetus in her body as an alien threat and begins to produce antibodies against it. In order for this to happen, it is enough that 35-50 ml of erythrocytes of the blood of her future crumbs enter the woman's body. However, even if there is an incompatibility of the blood of the mother and child according to the Rh factor, the Rh conflict itself does not always occur.

For example, it happens that during such a pregnancy antibodies may not be produced at all, or there may be so few of them that they cannot cause serious harm to the health of the unborn baby.

There are a number of factors that increase the occurrence of Rh conflict during gestation. And not all of these reasons are associated with the ingestion of the blood of her unborn child into the body of a woman.

The more "bloody" the obstetric intervention was, the greater the risk of immunization. The same thing happens if there was no bleeding, but the placental barrier was broken.

• At caesarean section this risk increases by 52.5%.
• With manual separation of the placenta - by 40.3%.
• Prenatal bleeding increases it by 30%.
• And with eclampsia, when the placental barrier is broken, the risk is 32.7%.

We offer you to watch a video about what is Rh-conflict during pregnancy:

Probability when expecting a first baby

The first pregnancy is considered relatively safe in terms of Rh conflict.. The fact is that usually the placenta reliably protects the fetus from the effects of antibodies, and they themselves either do not have time to form, or, if they are produced, then in very small quantities. Simply put, the mother's body does not seem to notice the developing fetus, and therefore the production of antibodies does not occur until the child's blood begins to mix with the woman's blood.

At normal flow pregnancy, this happens, as a rule, already during childbirth.

The likelihood of a baby coming into contact with antibodies produced by the body of his Rh-negative mother is extremely small, although it is possible. In general, the occurrence of Rh conflict during the first pregnancy is not frequent and is approximately 10%.

The probability of carrying a fetus a second time

During the second and subsequent pregnancies, the likelihood of an Rhesus conflict increases significantly. This is due to the fact that an Rh-negative woman has already developed an immune memory, which leads to an increased formation of antibodies to the D antigen contained in the blood of her Rh-positive baby.

The second and any of the subsequent pregnancies, regardless of how they proceeded and how they ended, become a catalyst that triggers the production of antibodies in the mother's body.

However, this does not mean at all that a woman who has given birth to one child can no longer become pregnant, since this will certainly lead to an Rhesus conflict. It's just that a woman needs to be more careful and responsible in controlling antibodies.

And the first thing that is required is not to refuse the injection of anti-Rh immunoglobulin when prescribed by the attending obstetrician-genecologist, if you plan to endure and give birth to a second baby healthy. This will bind foreign Rh-positive antigens and prevent the development of antibodies in the mother's body, which significantly reduces the risk of complications during a subsequent pregnancy.

If during the first pregnancy antibodies were not produced, and the immunoglobulin serum was administered on time, then when carrying a second baby, the probability of an Rhesus conflict will be equal to the same initial 10%.

What is the danger in the development of conflict?

Rhesus conflict can be very dangerous during pregnancy, as antibodies seriously attack the fetus and destroy its red blood cells. With Rhesus conflict, massive destruction of red blood cells is observed, due to which it is released into the blood a large number of bilirubin, which has pronounced toxic properties.

As a result, all organs and tissues of the fetus are damaged, but the nervous system a baby, for example, softens the tissues of his brain, which can lead to mental retardation. The spleen and liver, the main purpose of which is precisely to rid the body of bilirubin, do not cope with their function. And the mass death of red blood cells itself leads to the fact that anemia and hypoxia develop in the crumbs.

All these three factors, running together, lead to a serious complication - hemolytic disease fetus.

The consequences of complications - hemolytic disease of the fetus can be:

As for the Rh-negative mother, who became the unwitting culprit of all these troubles, the Rh-conflict in itself, most likely, will not affect her health in any way, even if the developing fetus has any serious pathologies.

Sometimes, but not always, with a Rh conflict, a future mother may develop preeclampsia, which is a truly serious complication.

We offer you to watch a video about the dangers of Rhesus conflict:

Why can't you have an abortion?

Why is it impossible to terminate the pregnancy with a negative Rh in the mother?

Doctors do not recommend that Rh-negative women have abortions, except for medical reasons, but even in this case, it is advised to think carefully before making such a decision. With each subsequent pregnancy, antibodies in the body of a woman are produced at an increasing speed and in everything. large quantities. And the possibility of successful bearing of the fetus at times decreases with each termination of pregnancy.

Parental Blood Type Compatibility Chart

What to do for prevention?

Even at the planning stage of pregnancy, a woman needs to do a blood test in order to determine her group (if this has not been done before) and Rh affiliation. In the event that the potential mother turns out to be negative, it will be necessary to find out the Rh affiliation of the future father. This should be done before pregnancy in order to keep the formation of antibodies under control from the very beginning.

It is advisable to get expert advice at the planning stage regarding the possible risks of Rhesus conflict during gestation and its possible outcome.

It is important in this situation to treat family planning methods with all possible responsibility.

That is, do not have abortions and try to keep the first pregnancy as much as possible. And from the very beginning, from about 7-8 weeks, it is recommended to register and be observed by a doctor so that in case of complications associated with a negative Rh factor, the necessary assistance was provided to the expectant mother in a timely manner.

Receive all the necessary appointments from the observing obstetrician-gynecologist, including mandatory vaccination with human immunoglobulin anti-Rhesus rho (d).

Summing up, I would like to say that the negative Rh factor itself is far from being as scary as it might seem.. It is not always the cause of the Rh conflict, but it is advisable to take care of its prevention as early as possible - preferably, even at the stage of pregnancy planning. Only in this case it will be possible to reduce the likelihood of complications to a minimum.