The story of the Dymkovo toy: history, production, painting. Poems about the Dymkovo toy Artistic word about Filimonov whistles
Acquaintance of younger preschoolers with a Dymkovo toy
One of the tasks aesthetic education preschoolers is to develop creativity and artistic abilities. Of great educational value is the acquaintance of children with arts and crafts, with the products of folk craftsmen. Folk art instills interest and love for folk art, love for the Motherland, for its people, nature, forms an artistic taste, teaches us to see and understand the beauty in the life around us, evokes in children better feelings, the desire to do something ourselves, adopting simple techniques from folk masters.
Of course, not all methods of working with different materials We, educators, have the opportunity to teach children preschool age. And this is not the main thing. It is very important that they fall in love with Russian folk art, learn to observe, know how to use elements of folk art in independent artistic activity.
I offer my experience of working with children in getting acquainted with the Dymkovo clay toy, teaching them decorative appliqué. In the art classes and in my free time, I introduce children to the type of arts and crafts - the Dymkovo toy; we consider objects of folk craftsmen, paying attention to contrasting combinations of colors - red, crimson, yellow, blue, green, applied on a white base, to decorative drawing techniques based on the use of a simple geometric ornament; using templates, children learned how to make applique on the silhouettes of toys; memorized the material of Russian folk art: poems, nursery rhymes, riddles; played with their crafts.
Texts for games with Dymkovo toys
Folk songs, nursery rhymes, riddles
Lamb Whistle
Left horn - curl
Right horn - curl
There is a flower on the chest.
Sides are cool
golden horns,
Frilled hooves
On the back of Yegor.
***
Duck-Marfutka
Berezhko goes,
Ducks-Marfutochek
Swimming leads.
***
Turkey
Here is a smart turkey,
He's all so good
At the big turkey
All painted sides.
Surprised everyone with the outfit
Wings importantly spread.
Look, fluffy tail
He is not at all simple -
Like a sunny flower.
And the high comb
Red hill of grief,
Like a king's crown.
The turkey is fabulously beautiful,
And pompous, proud,
Looks down around.
An important bird is a turkey!
India-India
india - india - turkey
You look like a chest.
The chest is not simple:
Red, white, gold.
Water carrier
For cold water
Water carrier - young woman,
Like a swan swims
Buckets red carries
Don't rush on the rocker.
Look how good
This girl is beautiful
Tight black braid
Scarlet cheeks are burning
Amazing Outfit:
The kokoshnik sits proudly,
Like a swan swims
Sings a quiet song.
Nanny in the kokoshnik
In the hands of Vanya.
And good and handsome Vanya,
Don't forget the babysitter
When you grow up
All toys are not simple,
And magically painted
Snow-white, like birches,
Circles, cells, stripes -
Seemingly simple pattern
But you can't look away.
***
In any decent hut
There is a place for the Dymkovo toy!
What wonderful animals!
Horses, chickens, turkeys!
The lady's blue buckets hung on the yoke.
And another ruddy donut has cute kids at her side!
We brought clay from a distant hillock,
Come on, get to work, miracle master!
I make a horse, I will pet it
And I'll fit a seat with a fringe on the back.
Blind, dry - and in the oven!
And then we write
We will bake toys
The oven is blazing hot.
And in the oven - no kalachi, and in the oven - no Easter cakes,
Not donuts, not cheesecakes,
And in the oven - Dymkovo toys!
***
The horse is running
The whole earth is trembling.
Ant-grass in the field,
Lies prone.
* * *
Cockerel, cockerel.
golden scallop,
You sing your voice
Through the dark forest
Through the forest, across the river
Shout: "Ku-ka-re-ku."
* * *
Look what they are!
And smart, and new:
painted sleigh,
Bear with an accordion,
Mustache soldier.
Goat - golden horns
Yes, a doll in earrings.
Colorful, bright, glorious gifts!
***
excerpt from A. Dyakov's poem "Merry Haze"
Near Vyatka, Dymkovo itself is a village,
A cheerful corner is bordered by forests.
He was over two hundred, three hundred years old.
The men used to get together.
And, having managed at home, the women came,
With the prowess of a familiar dance they started.
The holiday was celebrated - they sang, they did not get bored.
Somehow Vyatichi friends
Sat down on a holiday by the river.
Under the hands - clay -
A layer of three arshins.
They began to roll balls,
Like snowballs, it happened ...
Feel the clay, knead the clay -
Fat as fat!
***
Spruce sleeping by the highway
In hoarfrost,
The trees are sleeping, the river is sleeping,
Icebound.
Softly falling snow
Blue smoke curls
Smoke comes out of the chimneys
It's like a haze all around.
blue gave,
And a big village
"Dymkovo" was called.
Everyone there loves songs, dances,
Here miracles were born - fairy tales.
Evenings are long in winter
And they sculpted it out of clay.
All toys are difficult
And magically painted.
Snow-white as birches
Circles, cells, stripes -
Seemingly simple pattern
But I can't look away."
* * *
Puzzles.
1. A beard runs along the path, and legs (goat).
2.Look, puffy tail
It's not easy for him -
Like a sunny flower
And the high comb?
Burning red paint
Like a king's crown (turkey)
3. Thick grasses entwined,
Meadows curled up
Yes, and I myself am all curly,
Even a curl of a horn (ram).
4. Chok, choke, piglet.
Pink hook on the back.
In the middle of the barrel.
The voice is thin, the call.
Who is it, guess!
This is ... (piggy)
5. Not a plowman, not a carpenter, not a blacksmith, not a carpenter,
and the first worker in the village (horse),
6. Cheerful white clay,
Circles, stripes on it,
Goats and lambs are funny
A herd of colorful horses.
Nurses and water carriers,
Both riders and children
Dogs, hussars and fish,
Well guess who I am.
Tatyana Kiryushatova
Tale of the Dymkovo toy "Goat-golden horns"
Dear Colleagues! I would like to present you a new fairy tale from the cycle"fairy tale toys". It can be read to children when meeting with Dymkovo toy.
Goat - golden horns
It was a long time ago. In the village of one family lived - a husband, wife and seven children. They lived well, they sowed and plowed the land, they kept cattle, they did not know any special needs. It just so happened that with their seven children, they had to take into the family an orphan-nephew - a girl of small years - Alyonushka.
Everything would be fine, but not every heart is generous for love. And so it happened here. The husband and wife disliked the orphan. Although a native nephew, but their children seem cuter.
A husband and wife chase the orphan alone, scold and shove, and the children look at them and repeat everything. For days on end, Alyonushka's eyes are in a wet place, she will not understand what she is to blame for, it is clear that she was guilty of being born into the world.
Day after day goes by quickly, we didn’t have time to spend the summer - winter sweeps the rapids with snow.
Here comes the day of the fair. The whole family gathers, dresses up. Mother and daughter's older cheeks are blushing, they are hung with beads. Father and sons are trying on new shirts and patterned belts.
Alyonka, take it, and ask:
“Can I go to the fair with you?”
Everyone stamped their feet on her:
Where are you going to the fair? The house is full of things.
Alyonushka huddled in a corner and cried. Here is one of the older sons took pity:
“Let’s take her,” he says. - Let him sit in the sleigh, guard the good while we walk around the fair.
“And that’s true,” my father and mother agree.
That's what they decided. They themselves went along the shopping malls, but left Alyonushka in the sleigh, covered it with straw clicked:
- Do not go anywhere. Stay here until we get back.
Alyonushka was sitting, sitting:
“Let me,” he thinks, “I’ll run away, I’ll take a look at the fair with one eye. Turn around quickly, no one will notice that I was not there.
No sooner said than done. Alyonushka ran to the mall, looks - she does not believe her eyes. What is not on fair: kalachi, rolls, gingerbread, pickles, all kinds of jams, decks full of honey, shirts, sundresses, felt boots, various jewelry. And among all the grandfather stands - he himself is an inch, around him the tables are all unprecedented filled with toys: and the ladies here are in wide skirts with ruffles, and the accordionists are good fellows, and deer, and bears, and cockerels with turkeys. Know the man whistles and whistles, praises his toys, screaming like catechumen:
Come on people who takes toys! Not simple - painted, whistling. If you whistle - you will not resist, you will immediately go to the dance. You will immediately go to the dance - you will find your happiness.
Alyonushka stood in front of these toys as if rooted to the spot can't take his eyes off.
Well, what is this toys, - screams. “Now let’s see if we can buy some for our kids.”
Alyonushka caught herself and quickly rushed to her sleigh. She huddled under the straw, lies, barely breathing.
Here the whole family returned from the fair, they put their purchases in a sleigh, they boast. BUT toys-something painted bought: each girl has a lady in a colorful dress, each boy has a whistle-horse with a gilded mane, and the smallest son has a painted carousel.
“What are you looking at,” they shout at Alyonka. - Help to put the purchases in the sleigh.
Alyonka's eyes are wet again. Helps relatives, and she wipes her tears. Here looks right at the sleigh little the toy is lying around - the goat is painted, gilded horns. Only one horn broke off slightly, which is probably why it was abandoned.
Raised Alyonushka goat, hidden in a mitten.
At home, all the children started new play with toys. They play among themselves, Alyonushka is not called. And Alyonushka is not offended, she now has her own there is a toy - a goat - gilded horns.
So she's up to it attached to a goat that never parted with him for a minute. Sometimes she does some work around the house, but she herself the goat glances, talks to him, sings songs to him.
You never know, how much time has passed, no one knows, no one knows. Only the boys somehow decided to play a trick on Alyonka. selected goat and let each other throw-throw. Alyonka in tears, and the boys laugh. Then take one of them, open the door, and drop it goat right into the snowdrift.
Alyonka ran and threw on her shawl, pulled on her felt boots and into the yard. She is crying, the snow is rowing with her hands, looking for a goat. She searched so searched, she hears someone knocking on the gate, looked out, and along the painted street goat galloping, gilded goat horns, one is only broken off a little bit. Alyonka for him:
- goat, - shouts, - wait, do not run away.
BUT goat know yourself running, hooves flash, gilded horns sparkle.
Alyonka ran for goat, ran, ran to the river. Goat that, without thinking twice, he jumped onto the ice, beats with a hoof, calls Alyonka. And Alyonka is afraid to walk on the ice.
And, come what may, - thinks and forward for goat.
They crossed the river, found themselves on a hillock.
Alyonka looks, a village in front of her. Each hut is like toy. The windows glow with golden lights, and blue smoke floats above the roofs.
The goat beats with its hoof again, Alyonushka calls for him.
Here they ran up to one hut. The goat leaned against the door with its horns, she opened. Alyonushka stopped on the threshold, looking, an old woman was sitting at the table in the hut. The whole table is made of clay filled with toys, and that old woman whitens them with chalk milk and paints them with colored paints. The goat ran up to the old woman, whispered something in his ear and instantly again turned into a toy. And the old woman looks at Alyonushka smiling:
Come in, - says, - granddaughter. Now I will warm you up, feed you porridge, give you milk to drink.
So Alyonushka remained with that old woman. They began to live together, live and make good.
Alyonushka later learned that the river through which they ran across like a goat, Vyatka is called, and the village is magical - Dymkovo. Alyonushka learned sculpt clay toys, whiten with milk and paint with bright patterns. She became the first craftswoman in the village. Anyone who comes to her, without toys won't go away.
Maybe she still lives there, waiting for you to visit. Believe it or not, you better go and check it out for yourself.
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Introduction:
Why I chose this particular topic, I want to say in the words of V. Sukhomlinsky “The beauty of the native land, which opens up thanks to a fairy tale, fantasy, creativity, is a source of love for the Motherland ... Let the child feel the beauty and admire it, let it remain forever in his heart and memory images in which the Motherland is embodied"
Therefore, children need to know and study the culture and traditions of their ancestors in order to bring uprespect, pride in the land on which they live.
And the Dymkovo toy is a fabulous toy that attracts with its bright colors - it simply fascinates, it will help the little man to know the world. After all, each of its colors has a magical effect:
Red, crimson color - aggravates reactions, and enhances mental activity;
yellow - develops fantasies, gives courage, causes joy;
green- soothes and sharpens eyesight;
blue - relieves anxiety;
blue- helps to concentrate and creates harmony;
black th - mystical encourages curiosity;
White - symbolizes purity and openness.
This is the magic. And to this add the magic of our folk music! This is the fairy tale!
The main goal is :
formation and development of the child's personality through the Russian folk toy.
Tasks:
Through love for the beautiful, teach to love your Motherland, to be in awe of its beauties;
To promote the development of cognitive interests, aesthetic perception, logical thinking, attention, imagination, ingenuity, sensorimotor skills.
Bring up little man- PERSON;
This work is designed for a cycle of classes for senior and preparatory groups. It is divided into 3 stages:
Stage 1- Familiarization with the Dymkovo toy and painting elements: painting on paper, coloring. (For senior preparatory group) from varying degrees difficulties.
Stage 2 - Clay crafting. Dymkovo lady.
Stage 3 - painting bulk toys(for the preparatory group)
Expected results:
Know the history of the Dymkovo toy, its characteristic features.
Arouse the desire in children to perform painting of three-dimensional forms, improving their experience.
We learned to compare the elements of different paintings, to find common and difference, to distinguish from many elements, only those that belong to the Dymkovo painting
The desire for children and the ability to work carefully.
Raising a sense of respect and pride for their people.
To achieve these goals and results, I used the program Microsoft PowerPoint , in which she discovered more new opportunities for creating interesting activities.
When creating this work, it was important for me that it would be interesting for children, so that they could be bewitched and at the same time not tire. Therefore, the presentation must be "live"
During the presentation, children:
see : the beauty of the native land (photos of nature), a variety of Dymkovo toys.
Hear - information in a playful form, as the most accessible for children's understanding, fragments of folk music, animal sounds, sounds of nature.
Can- play logical, developing and attention games not only at the table, but also during the presentation.
And all this was achieved with tricks:
triggers to play not only sounds, but also animation actions and movements, which is very helpful when working in contact with children while watching a presentation, to compose logical and educational games to reinforce the topic.
Animation elements - to enliven the presentation. So that the pictures would not just stand, but could dance a little to the perky music.
Music fragments - folk music.
And when using these techniques, I created the following educational and developmental games:
Riddles - children love to guess
- "Find the colors of Haze"; you can also make a game “Make a color circle” based on the poem “Every hunter wants to know”
- "Find the Dymkovskaya lady"; you can also make the game "The Fourth Extra".
- "Draw the pattern on the skirt";
- "Puzzles for attention", and for work at the tables - "Cut pictures"
Handout:
Technological maps for practical work - maps of the sequence of actions:
Elements of painting, modeling "Ladies", painting of a voluminous lady;
Coloring pages: “Draw the element”, “Paint the toy according to the example”,
"Color the toy"
For children with easy digestibility are provided: more complex coloring pages"Color the toy" board games“Make a pattern”, “Fold a picture”.
These are the ideas I had, and some of them came to fruition while working on this work.
Listen to children's fantasies more often, because this is a bottomless well of creative ideas that will overwhelm you!
Create and create with your children.
Thanks for attention!
IChapter:
"Introduction to the Dymkovo toy"
Tasks:
1. Introduce children to Dymkovo toys.
2. Continue work on "getting used to" the image of the Dymkovo toy, enhancing the perception of children through folklore. To educate in children responsiveness to the beauty of painting, to develop aesthetic perception.
3. To form the ability of children to notice and find the main means of expressiveness of Dymkovo painting: color, variety of elements.
5. Vocabulary activation: Dymkovo toys, young lady, cockerel, turkey, horse, ring, circle, red, blue, yellow, clay.
IIChapter:
Modeling of the Dymkovo mistress.
Tasks:
1. Educational: to promote the development of the ability to convey characteristic features in modeling appearance Dymkovo lady. To develop the aesthetic taste of pupils, their attention, memory, ability to analyze and generalize, to show Creative skills;
2.Correction-developing: to promote the development of students' ability to navigate the task (analyze the object, working conditions), the ability to plan the progress of work, the ability to control their work.
3. Educational: To cultivate respect for working people, instilling students' interest in work. Cultivate love for the art of our ancestors, aesthetic taste
IIIChapter:
"Painting of the Dymkovo lady"
Tasks:
Educational:
- To acquaint with the works of Russian folk craft and the history of the development of the Dymkovo toy.
- Learn to decorate a toy lady with patterns, preserving the traditions of the Dymkovo masters.
Developing:
- Develop the ability to analyze, compare, highlight the main and distinctive features and features of the painting of the Dymkovo ladies.
- Develop a sense of rhythm, emotional responsiveness to painting by masters.
- To form the skills of performing elements of traditional painting.
Educational:
- Raise interest and love for folk art.
- Raise students' interest in folk art products.
- Cultivate artistic taste.
Presentation text:
Sl.3
Blue smoke curls.
The smoke from the chimneys is a pillar,
It's like a haze all around.
Blue gave.
And a big village
They named it Dymkovo.
They loved songs and dances.
Miracle fairy tales were born in the village.
Evenings are long in winter
And sculpted there from clay
All toys are not simple,
And magically painted.
And glory went about Dymka,
Earning this right
They talk about her everywhere.
Amazing miracle
We will bow again and again.
About the ancient Dymkovo toy
Let's tell the story now.
Sl.4
There is no better smoke in the world.
Smoke is a wonder of the world.
You can play with Smokey.
You can chat with Dymka.
We know a lot about Smoke
But we don't know
What about the Dymkovo people,
Not toys - magic.
And deer and horses
Roosters and turkeys,
Young ladies and nannies,
Cavaliers - well done.
We will show them to you now.
And, loving, we will tell about them.
Presentation of toys for full version presentations
Sl.5
Make way, honest people!
Uncle Piggy sells
Sl.6
The horse is running
The whole earth is trembling.
Ant-grass in the field,
Lies prone.
Sl.7
Through mountain ranges
Through the rooftops of the villages
Red-horned, yellow-horned
Rushing clay deer.
Sl.8
With ribbons and bows
Yes, under the arm with dandies
We walk in pairs
We swim with peahens.
(P. Sinyavsky)
Sl.9
Nanny in the kokoshnik
In the hands of Vanya.
And good and handsome Vanya,
Don't forget the babysitter
When you grow up
DC 10
Here is a smart turkey,
He's all so good
At the big turkey
All painted sides.
Surprised everyone with the outfit
Wings importantly spread
Sl.11
We have a good harmonist
Artisan harmonist.
Will play - for you swing,
Like a willow above the water.
d.12
For cold water
Water carrier - young woman,
Like a swan swims
Buckets red carries
Don't rush on the rocker.
Look how good
Sl.13
We have a pie on the table
Donuts and cheesecakes.
So let's sing under the seagulls
Tea ditties.
Sl.14
Carousels, carousels
Twirled, twirled -
We are with you behind the clouds
Like birds have flown!
Past the house, past the ate,
Past mom in the alley
Quickly we were spun
And circled carousels. Nikolaev
d.15
And our path does not end
The expanse of the river is wide;
And drives, drives the boat
Tailwind
Sl.16
What a horse!
Just touch -
Together with the rider
Jumps two hundred miles
Sl.17
We are about the Dymkovo toy
We will remember more than once.
And now, friends, girlfriends,
We will finish our story.
Sl.18
Red, yellow and green
Scarlet, blue, blue -
All colors on a white background
This haze is painted.
Sl. 19-20
All toys are difficult
And magically painted.
Snow-white as birches
Circles, cells, stripes -
Seemingly simple pattern
But I can't look away
d.21 hidden video file
We brought clay from a distant hillock,
Come on, get to work, miracle master!
We will knead the clay on the water from the river
We blind the beauties, dry them in the oven
We will pull the dolls out of the heat just in time,
Dip in whitewash from head to toe.
And then paint with wonderful colors
Bright kokoshniks, painted dresses.
Even though you go around the whole market,
You won't find a better lady!
Sl.22
Oh, let's stick young ladies,
fine and beautiful.
And paint with colors for everyone else to marvel!
Sl.22 Puzzles:
Purpose: to acquaint children with folk Russian folklore. Develop memory, attention. Raise interest in the life and customs of Russia
And now we will play with the nanny,
Let's unravel all mysteries!
hello kids
Girls and boys!
Riddles are interesting
Don't you want to hear?
If the correct answer
The picture will come to light!
Umbrella fungus,
Hands holding a pretzel
The girl is walking.
What's the toy?
A beard runs along the path,
yes legs (goat).
Look at the bushy tail.
It's not easy for him -
Like a sunny flower
And the high comb?
Burning red paint
Like a king's crown (turkey)
Weaved thick grasses
Meadows curled up
Yes, and I myself am all curly,
Even a curl of a horn (ram).
Through mountain ranges
Through the rooftops of the villages
Red-horned, yellow-horned
Rushing clay ... (deer).
Not a plowman, not a carpenter, not a blacksmith, not a carpenter,
and the first worker in the village ... (horse),
Well done girls! Well done boys!
All riddles seem to be read in a book.
You guessed all the secrets
And they learned everything about the haze!
DC 25 "Find the colors of Dymkovo painting"
Who will answer the question by scratching his nose lightly?
Find the primary colors that are used
masters, when painting Dymkovo toys?
Sl.26 "Make a color wheel"
And now the question is simple
Guess the Colors color wheel» by the initial letters of the words from the poem about colors.
Purpose: to develop memory, thinking
Every Hunter
Wants to know
Where the Pheasant sits.
Sl.27 "Draw the Pattern"
It takes a little patience and a little skill!
Draw a pattern on the Lady's skirt
If you do everything right, the lady will dance.
Purpose: to acquaint children with the main elements of Dymkovo painting, teach them correctly, arrange the elements on the silhouette, combining them in color and shape. To form a sense of space on the micro plane
Sl.28 "Find the Dymkovo ladies"
And now attention, a question for recognition!
Among the young ladies of various
Find Dymkovo, unusual.
Target: Develop thinking, attention. To teach children to recognize Dymkovo painting among others.
Find, among all the ladies, Dymkovo
Sl.29 "Puzzles for attention"
Task, pay attention!
Count in order
And the picture, you get!
Purpose: Remember the location of the sectors of the picture by numbers and find them in order.At to put together a whole from parts
Develop thinking, attention.
Rules:
Remember the picture with divided sectors and the numbers of these sectors.
After the picture disappears, find the first sector number - if it corresponds to the circle number 1, the circle will turn red and when you click on it, the picture will fall into the right place. If the sector is pressed out of order, the color of the circle will not change, which means the sector is out of order.
DC 30
Who worked heartily have fun now, dance!
Russia is famous for its artistic crafts, which have a centuries-old tradition. One of the oldest is the Dymkovo toy, a story for children about this amazing craft would be appropriate already in kindergarten. So, how did the Dymkovo toy appear?
The history of the Dymkovo toy
Let's preface the story about the Dymkovo toy with two significant facts:
- it has been made by craftsmen for over 400 years;
- these folk toys are known and loved not only in our country, but also abroad.
Dymkovo toy (pictures)
The pictures below will fully help to present the diversity and beauty of the Dymkovo toy.
The name of the craft was given by Dymkovskaya Sloboda, where these clay toys began to be made. For a long time this settlement has been part of the city of Kirov, which used to be called Khlynov and Vyatka.
The origin of the craft is associated with a sad historical legend. At night, the allied troops converged near the city and began to fight, mistaking each other for enemies because of the darkness. Many warriors were left lying on the battlefield. Since then, in the spring, they began to commemorate those who died in this battle - the Khlynovsky battle of 1418.
Time passed, and this tragic story was erased from the people's memory. So memorial day turned into spring holiday whistle (whistle). TO mass celebrations Dymkovo residents made toys-whistles: ducks, goats, lambs and painted clay balls.
The great demand for clay crafts, as well as the presence of large reserves of this natural material, made Dymkovskaya Sloboda the birthplace of a well-known folk craft. Of course, the appearance of the first crafts was far from canonical, but over time, the familiar appearance and ornamentation of the Dymkovo toy were formed.
The appearance of the first clay handicrafts in Dymkovo dates back to the 15th-16th centuries. By this time, the toy loses its sacred meaning, which determined the simplicity of its form: the pagan worldview of the Slavs and pre-Christian rites are a thing of the past. The shape of the toys begins to change, they become beautiful and colorful.
The traditions and techniques of making the first masters have survived to this day. The Dymkovo toy known to us today reflected the elements of Russian life of the 19th century, and later images of brave gentlemen and ladies of fashion appeared.
After the great upheavals of the early twentieth century, the fishery practically disappeared. Its revival occurred thanks to the hereditary craftswoman Anna Afanasievna Mezrina, who carefully preserved the traditions of creating toys. In the early 30s, the craftswoman, together with the artist and the first researcher of this folk craft, Alexei Ivanovich Denshin, gathered around her enthusiasts who wanted to recreate the unique Dymkovo toy.
The craftswomen of that time not only kept the old traditions, but also brought novelty to the appearance of clay handicrafts, and also came up with new plots. So the craftswoman E.A. Koshkina has achieved great success in creating group compositions. Her work "Sale of Dymkovo toys" was presented at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937 and gained great fame. The craftswoman O.I. Konovalova (daughter of A.A. Mezrina) liked to create images of animals, and the craftswoman E.I. Penkina preferred to embody everyday scenes in her compositions.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War the production of figurines practically ceased: the Kirov region was in the rear, and its inhabitants began to work for the front. However, the evacuees really liked the bright toys, and the craftswomen again took up their creation.
System of images and plots
If we compare the surviving images of the first Dymkovo toys with modern examples of this folk art, we cannot fail to notice that over hundreds of years their creators have stepped far ahead. The toy got rid of the simplicity of form and ornamentation and became more decorative, the number of plots also increased significantly.
Although the masters claim that there are no two absolutely identical figures, five main typical groups can be distinguished:
- Women's images(young ladies and ladies, nannies-nurses with a child in their arms, water-carriers). The ladies have corsets and crinolines, umbrellas in their hands, fashionable hats and outfits; nurses in kokoshniks, wide skirts, aprons with frills. Static figures, full of majesty and dignity.
- Cavaliers, are often depicted astride in profile. Compared with female images smaller and easier looking.
- Animals. Initially, toys were created depicting totem animals: a ram, a goat, a deer, a bear, and images of various domestic animals were gradually added. A distinctive feature of this type: thrown up head and short legs, widely spaced. Often the figurines are “dressed up” in bright colorful costumes of musicians with instruments in their hands.
- Birds(roosters, turkeys, ducks). Ducks have fluffy capes, roosters and turkeys have bright curly tails.
- Compositions. They can include both humans and animals. They present a variety of scenes from Russian urban and rural life: tea drinking, folk festivals, sleigh rides and many others.
A distinctive feature of Dymkovo toys is that they expand downwards. Ladies have fluffy bell-shaped skirts, gentlemen have horses, and animals have stable legs. If the figurines had thin long limbs, they would not have been able to withstand the weight of the body of the toy.
Making a Dymkovo toy
The figurines are made by hand from red clay mixed with sifted sand. The process of creating a toy consists of several stages.
Modeling a Dymkovo toy
The clay toy is molded piece by piece. First, the torso of the figurine is made from clay dough, then other small details are stuck to it with the help of liquid clay. Joints at the points of fastening parts are smoothed with a damp cloth. The toy is leveled with wet fingers.
If you need to make, for example, a lady, then her cone-shaped skirt is first fashioned, to which the torso with an outstretched neck is then stuck. From a ball attached to the neck, a head is obtained. Below, hands are formed from a clay sausage. Then comes the time for details: the lady has a hairstyle made of curls, she is wearing a fashionable hat or kokoshnik, a painted shawl is on her shoulders, and a small handbag or a baby is in her hands.
The animal is made a little differently. For example, a Dymkovo horse toy is made as follows: short legs are attached to a cylindrical body, and a head with an elongated muzzle is attached to a curved neck. Small details of the figurine - small ears, tail and mane.
Drying
Before firing, the toy must be dried. The drying time depends on the size of the figurine and the conditions in the workshop - air temperature, humidity and others. This process can take 2-3 days or 2-3 weeks.
Burning
In ancient times, toys were fired in a Russian oven, placing them on an iron pan right above the firewood. When the figurines glowed red hot, they were left to cool in the oven. Today, firing is done with special electrical equipment, which is safer and less labor intensive.
Whitewash
During the firing process, the clay toy acquires a red-brown color. Before applying ornaments, the figure needs to be whitewashed.
For whitewashing, a solution is used, consisting of crushed chalk diluted in milk. When the milk turns sour, the solution becomes solid, covering the entire surface of the figurine with an even layer.
Despite attempts to improve the composition and method of its application, the old tradition of whitewashing is still preserved. Experiments with the composition were unsuccessful: it was not possible to achieve the ideal white color, and the new solutions themselves dried out unevenly. True, in some cases it is possible to deviate from tradition. For example, when children paint clay toys with their own hands, you can whitewash them with ordinary gouache.
Dymkovo toy colors
When the whitewash has dried, you can start painting. Patterns are applied to the toy with bright colors.
The color range is quite limited, the following colors are used:
- blue,
- crimson,
- green,
- yellow,
- Orange
- Brown.
If you dilute the primary colors with chalk, you can get additional shades. For example, diluted blue color turns blue.
The old masters did not paint with brushes, but with a wooden stick wrapped in linen shreds. Such a tool allowed them to make only the simplest elements of the ornament: lines, rhombuses, circles, zigzags. Today, when painting, brushes from the hair of a ferret or column are used.
To add shine to the figure, it is added to the paint. a raw egg. The final touch is the decoration of toys with small figures carved from leaves of gold leaf.
There is a certain tradition of painting:
- On the face of a little man, eyebrows and round eyes are indicated with black paint.
- Raspberry paint is used to draw the mouth and cheeks.
- For hair coloring, black or brown is chosen.
- On the skirts of female figurines and animal skins, the ornament is applied on a white coating; shirts, headdresses are monophonic.
Dymkovo painting
The ornament consists of various geometric shapes:
- stripes,
- rhombuses and zigzags,
- circles and stripes.
The pattern is not invented in advance, it appears already during the painting and depends on the size and image of the toy. Therefore, the craftswomen say that the form and decor are closely related, and there are no two absolutely identical toys.
The figures drawn on the toys seem simple and uncomplicated, but the ornament of Dymkovo toys is symbolic.
The wavy line resembles a river, a water surface, a circle with a dot - the sun, cells from intersecting lines - a log house. All these concepts occupy an important place in the picture of the world of a Russian person.
Dymkovo painting in kindergarten and school
The study of the Dymkovo toy is included in the training program in children's creative studios and art schools. They also pay attention to it in the visual arts classes in kindergarten and secondary school.
This folk craft is part of the history of our country, and bright figures decorated with symbolic ornaments can tell a lot about the life and worldview of our ancestors.
The painting of the Dymkovo toy in a simplified form is available to young children who are interested in drawing small rhombuses, circles, stripes on animal figures. Older children can even try to fashion a toy according to the Dymkovo canons themselves.
Dymkovo toy in the XXI century
No matter how technology develops, the famous Dymkovo craft is still handmade. Craftsmen create toys, carefully preserving ancient traditions. Therefore, each figurine is unique. Dymkovo toys have been made for centuries and remain popular, being not only souvenirs, but also keepers of people's memory, a symbol of Russian folk culture.
At present, the preservation of the famous folk craft is taken care of by both enthusiasts and various organizations. In 2010, in the center of the city of Kirov, with the support of Megafon, a monument dedicated to the Dymkovo toy was erected. It represents a family consisting of a mother with a baby in her arms, a peasant playing the harmonica, a boy with a whistle, as well as a cat and a dog. All figures are made in the classic Dymkovo style.
The Dymkovo toy was among the treasures of Russian art presented at the opening of the Winter Olympics in Sochi in 2014.
Child and folk toys
Folk toys not only Dymkovo, but also other crafts contain great opportunities for the development of the child and his aesthetic and moral education. Made by human hands, the figurines are unique and retain a particle of the master's soul. But often the problem is that surrounded by bright modern toys mass production, kids just don't know what to do with folk. Parents can help their child learn to “communicate” with a Dymkovo or Filimonovo toy.
- Real folk toys made of clay, wood can be offered to the child already in the very early age. Toddlers 1.5-2 years old will be interested in whistling, rattling bright figures, older children will join the story game with them.
- In an accessible form, a child can be introduced to the history of the origin of the craft, to tell how toys are made. Today there are many colorful publications dedicated to folk art that can illustrate the story.
- Together with your child, come up with the most various games with figurines. Folk toys contain many images, plots, themes from the life of people and animals. With their help, you can embody stories from Russians on your home mini-stage. folk tales Or make up your own stories.
- Today, many sets for children's creativity are produced, among them there are also dedicated to folk patterns and toys. The child will be happy to color the Dymkovo lamb or try to fashion a cockerel. And, who knows, maybe a do-it-yourself Dymkovo toy fashioned by a child today will turn into a favorite hobby or even a profession.
Dymkovo toy (coloring)
We hope that our story about the Dymkovo toy inspired you not only to convey information about this amazing folk art to your children or pupils, but also to try to recreate the process of making clay crafts at home or in an educational institution.
Dymkovo toy. (Presentation/video/film/Kirov)
Master class "Dymkovskaya Lady"
Master class for educators.
Target: to acquaint educators with the technique of "Sculpting figures from plasticine on a frame."
Tasks:
1. Introduce children to folk decorative and interlining art in the conditions of their own practical creative activity.
2. Enrichment of the subject-developing environment of the preschool educational institution.
Excerpt by A. Dyakov "Merry Haze"
Softly falling snow
Blue smoke curls
Smoke comes out of the chimneys
As if in a haze all around,
blue gave,
And a big village
"Dymkovo" was called.
They loved songs, dances,
Miracle fairy tales were born in the village,
Evenings are long in winter
And sculpted there from clay
All toys are difficult
And magically painted:
Snow-white, like birches,
Circles, cells, stripes -
Seemingly simple pattern
But you can't look away.
For manufacturing we need:
Base (jar, lid...)
Plasticine
PVA glue
Colorless varnish
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Step by step process of making crafts
We select the size of the base for the toy. Cans, plastic cans can be used. circumcised plastic bottles will not fit, because they are not dense.
From the foil we form the body, head and arms. Press the foil very tightly.
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We attach the arms to the body with foil.
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Using plasticine, we attach the body to the jar.
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We begin to cover the entire frame with plasticine, forming a figure.
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We supplement the figure with details: nose, hair, hat, sleeves and a dog.
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Degrease the figurine with flour.
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Let's prepare the primer - mix PVA glue and white gouache in half (1 to 1), the consistency of thick sour cream. We apply the first layer. PVA glue must be fresh, otherwise the primer will crack when it dries. It can be washed with soap and water, dried and primed again, if it still cracks, add a little water to the primer.
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After drying, apply a second layer.
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When the figurine dries well, paint with elements of Dymkovo painting. After drying, varnish. We fix the dog in our arms with the help of fine wire(we separate 2 cm from a paper clip), stick it into the hand of the young lady and the leg of the dog.
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Similarly, you can make any Dymkovo (Filimonov) toys.
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The work is long and laborious, but the toy, with proper storage (avoid sunlight), will delight you with its brightness and originality for a long time. The toy can be used to decorate the interior and in the classroom when familiarizing preschoolers with folk art.
