Social work with the elderly and old people. Work with the elderly: social, psychological and leisure. The main problems of the elderly

Why is working with the elderly so important? What should be taken into account when organizing work with the elderly? What qualities of a social worker are important in building relationships with older people? What problems can competent psychological work with the elderly help solve? Why should work with the elderly necessarily include a cultural and leisure part?

Network of boarding houses for the elderly

From this article you will learn:

Why is working with the elderly so important?
What to consider when arranging work with the elderly
What qualities of a social worker are important in building relationships with the elderly
What problems can be solved by competent psychological work with the elderly
Why work with older people must necessarily include a cultural and leisure part

Demographic aging in the 21st century not only sets certain tasks for the state, but also opens up new opportunities. At present, the older generation is increasingly involved in the social and economic life of the country. Therefore, work with older people is especially relevant today.

The main problems of the older generation are related to housing, material well-being, employment and health. Their solution should be devoted to modern work with older people. The need for this category of citizens in medical and social services is increasing. How to fully satisfy her? This is a matter of national importance. There is an expert opinion according to which the costs of medical care for the elderly increase not because of the increase in the number of the elderly population, but because of the general rise in the cost of medical and social services.

When working with the elderly and the disabled, the psychological characteristics of this group must be taken into account. Mental activity is subject to age-related changes. And they, in turn, depend on the interaction with the factors of the social environment, which can significantly transform the personality. The work of a caregiver with the elderly should also take into account these features.

When a person grows old, the sphere of his activity most often narrows, which leads to pessimism, a passive life position, and despondency. Such emotional states have a negative impact on health, contribute to the rapid extinction. Therefore, they must be fought. Termination of work by profession, loss of loved ones and loneliness, fear of getting sick, material difficulties are objective circumstances that have a great impact on the psyche.

Taking into account age-related psychological characteristics is a prerequisite for productive work with older people. It is necessary to find an approach to the representatives of the older generation, find out the reasons for the appearance of discomfort, objectively assess the problem and suggest ways out of the situation.

Work with older people, whose psychology is being transformed due to biological and social reasons, should be built taking into account the following changes in various areas - intellectual, emotional, moral:

the emergence of difficulties with adaptation to unexpected situations, with the assimilation of new knowledge;
weakening over time of the controlling and inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex, due to which individual character traits and temperamental characteristics that were restrained in youth begin to manifest themselves more strongly;
the refusal of older people to adapt to new moral values and norms, behaviors, which causes conflicts with others, isolation, withdrawal into oneself.

For people of senile age, such features as resentment, egocentrism, conservatism, a tendency to moralizing, immersion in memories, and closure in their world are considered characteristic.

Most of these psychological traits are considered to be an adaptation disorder inherent in aging. For the elderly, the reassessment of values and the collapse of ideals, as well as attempts to tarnish the pages of the country's history, are very painful. Proceeding from this, social workers should make every effort to ensure that the knowledge and life experience of the older generation remain in demand.

In a person who has reached old age, social status changes. The reasons are the restriction or termination of professional activity, a change in value orientations, a change in lifestyle and social circle, the emergence of difficulties with psychological and social adaptation to new realities. Therefore, in the process of work of a social worker with older people, special methods, forms and approaches should be formed and implemented. It is necessary to pay sufficient attention to how the older generation relates to the assistance received from social workers.

On the basis of both practice and special studies, the following stereotypes of behavior are distinguished, which are important to consider in social work with older people:

distrustful attitude towards representatives of social services, refusal to help in everyday life, desire to remain independent;
persistent attempts to obtain as many services as possible, the desire to entrust the full range of daily duties to specialists;
dissatisfaction due to dissatisfaction with their own life situation is transferred to the social worker;
the appointed assistant is responsible for the well-being, material and moral condition of an elderly person.

It must be remembered that the center of actions, experiences and being in general is always a person who determines, among other things, behavior in old age. And each person of advanced years is a person of intrinsic value.

The work of a social worker with the elderly involves the following tasks:

help to adapt to changes in life circumstances, understand the problems of a social, personal, environmental, spiritual nature that have a negative impact, and contribute to their elimination;
provide coping assistance, rehabilitation, behavior modification and support;
protect, relying on the law, if necessary, use power;
to promote the full use of each elderly person's own potential for social self-protection;
apply all possible means from different sources to help those in need, etc.

The work of a social worker with the elderly requires universal training. The practitioner must understand and be able to recognize a large number of somatic, psychological, moral, domestic problems that arise in his wards. For successful social work with older people, technologies and methods to facilitate the daily performance of these tasks must be carefully studied by workers for practical application.

Psychological work with older people is characterized by certain distinctive features. The results of the conducted studies indicate that there are several means by which one can compensate for emotional stress and increase the level of socio-psychological adaptation of the older generation. These ways include communication with nature, passion for art in the context of creativity and contemplation, the formation of new interests, the emergence of an important mission, as well as a vision of the future, which is especially important after 70 years.

Psychological work with the elderly is closely related to the interest in art. Visiting museums and exhibitions, theater events contributes to mental stability. Representatives of the older generation who are passionate about art are much less likely to suffer from depression compared to peers who are indifferent to it. Most likely, such interests, having become an integral part of the personality structure, stimulate persistent motivation. It does not change under the influence of negative phenomena characteristic of aging - crises, loss of social status, narrowing of the social circle. This behavior helps to form a lifestyle that contributes to the process of adaptation as a whole.

For older people, creative activities, regardless of their level, as well as any other hobby, are meaningful motives. Having headed the hierarchy of personal incentives, they give meaning to other needs and aspirations.

Immersion in creativity, both one's own and someone else's, helps to increase the socio-psychological stability of the older generation. Such enthusiasm is useful because it stimulates creativity, opens up new horizons, awakens innovative aspirations, which are so often lacking in the elderly due to age-related changes. Creative activity is needed so that people in old age can show social activity, as well as find a way out of unpredictable circumstances that cannot be resolved with the help of stereotypical behaviors.

The beginning of the retirement period and the entire pre-retirement period of time represent an uncertain situation, new conditions. To solve emerging problems, it is necessary to show creativity, non-adaptive behavioral strategies, the progressive development of those personal qualities that do not become weaker in old age due to immersion in art.

The work of specialists with older people ensures the formation of skills and abilities necessary for new activities. Such special education is based on the concept of continuous education, which proclaims lifelong learning as a norm and a necessity for every person. According to this concept, at any age there should be an opportunity to supplement, acquire and apply previously acquired skills and knowledge. For each person, regardless of the number of years lived, a constant expansion of horizons, an increase in the cultural level, the development of abilities, the acquisition of new professions and improvement in them should be available.

For psychological work with the elderly, according to experts, their interest in play activities, sports, and, first of all, in learning is of great importance. Interest in such activities does not decrease with age, the elderly simply wean from them. A number of gerontological psychologists suggest involving the older generation in games and learning to improve their quality of life. It is also important that this type of activity refers to group work with older people, which contributes to the expansion of the time perspective and forms an adequate and stable social circle.

Retirees involved in interesting activities are much less focused on painful sensations and experiences.

sports activities and any kind of vigorous activity involving physical activity, while elderly people can not only act as participants in such events, but also be spectators, as well as organizers;
literary and artistic creativity;
various kinds needlework - knitting, embroidery, macrame, etc.
pet care;
doing what you love;
cultural events - educational excursions, visits to theatrical performances, exhibitions, etc.;
board or computer games;
entertaining leisure activities - watching movies, reading books, etc.;
communication - telephone conversations, themed evenings, group entertainment events.

The elderly need longer rest, which can include completely diverse activities. Various forms of leisure activities contribute to filling life with new meanings. Working with lonely older people involves organizing interesting meetings. Creative activities, educational events unite, improve the quality of life. The lack of need for entertainment in the elderly is a myth. In fact, among the representatives of the older generation, only the specifics of their preferred entertainment are changing, which are becoming more focused on knowledge, philosophical conversations, and creativity.

Work on the organization of leisure for the elderly involves taking into account individual character traits. You also need to take into account the gender of pensioners. Activities that are of interest to women may not resonate with older members of the stronger sex, and vice versa. We will analyze which classes are suitable for pensioners, depending on their gender.

The stronger sex still prefers to play chess, checkers, dominoes. These traditional board games have already turned into a specific ritual that combines the competitive component and the opportunity to discuss burning issues. At any age, men are interested in fishing as a pleasant outdoor recreation.

Reaching retirement age, many male representatives begin to get involved in creative activities - writing poetry and prose, drawing, participating in the work of dance or vocal groups.

Leisure for older women

Various areas of needlework are among the most popular and available options pleasant and useful pastime for pensioners. Working with women of the older age category involves embroidery, modeling, knitting, etc. In addition to pleasure, such leisure has a positive effect on the functioning of the brain, as it develops fine motor skills hands

Older women can expand their social circle by joining various communities of interest to showcase their work and share experiences. Singing also often becomes a way of creative self-realization. Many elderly women are happy to participate in amateur choirs and ensembles that function in many cities and towns of Russia. To take part in the activities of such groups, one does not need to study for a long time and spend material resources.

Modern work with the elderly in organizing leisure activities involves the use of various tactics and strategies for representatives different groups, but the following general areas stand out:

The need to provide all possible types of assistance to citizens in critical circumstances.
Implementation of measures to prevent and eliminate factors leading to the formation of social problem groups among the elderly population.
The need to return every elderly person from a socially problematic group to a socially stable one.
The desire to maintain the stability of a socially stable group in order to prevent the transition from it to a socially problematic group.

Working with leisure technologies should help the older generation adapt to the socio-cultural environment by mastering communication skills. For this, it is important for a specialist to select and offer an elderly person the most suitable occupation for him, which will allow him to avoid focusing on feelings and painful sensations.

Various self-rehabilitation programs are also highly effective. They consist of special training complexes in which physical and mental loads alternate. At the same time, the intensity of training increases as the condition of the elderly person improves. The success of rehabilitation, adaptation in society, the formation of an independent lifestyle for the older generation is largely determined by the participation in these processes of professionals - medical and pedagogical workers, psychologists, cultural specialists, rehabilitators, etc. The work of volunteers with the elderly is also of great importance. Effectiveness also depends on close cooperation between practitioners and scientists, government and non-government organizations, the public and the media.

Game therapy, music therapy, bibliotherapy, isotherapy can be used as rehabilitation. However, the most common practical application is the following types organization of leisure activities:

Art therapy is a universal psychotherapeutic technique. It belongs to interdisciplinary methods, is located at the intersection of psychology, medicine, pedagogy, social work and culture. Artistic therapy is used as a comprehensive rehabilitation designed to eliminate or reduce neuropsychiatric disorders in the elderly, restore or develop impaired functions and compensatory skills. The main task of art therapy is not only and not so much in physical rehabilitation and initiation to work, but in restoring the social and individual dignity of the elderly.

Tourism is one of the most useful leisure activities for the elderly, which plays an important role in the health improvement of the older generation thanks to a mobile lifestyle. Hypokinesia (insufficient physical activity) in old age has a negative impact on mental and physical condition. Restriction of mobility often causes stress, loss of self-confidence, fading of vitality. Working with older people, including sports and tourism, helps them to receive the necessary effective support through the establishment of diverse and independent contacts.

People who have reached old age often lack communication, they need opportunities to realize their creative potential. For many years, a person accumulates knowledge, acquires skills and experience, takes care of others, but there comes a time when society sends him "on a well-deserved rest." Such an attitude of society cannot be called reasonable both from a socio-economic point of view and from other positions. The elderly need to use active forms of social adaptation.

Life in old age should not be limited to material and biological needs. For a full-fledged being, a person needs to fully satisfy spiritual, psychological and social needs. This becomes possible in the process of social and cultural activities that contribute to the adaptation, unification and social integration of the elderly, which makes it possible to realize their abilities and satisfy the highest needs of human existence. Socio-cultural work, organized professionally and competently, also has a positive impact on the psychosomatic state of pensioners.

Working with the elderly in cultural institutions

Social and cultural institutions in their practical work with the older generation often use animation technologies that help meet the needs for communication, creativity, entertainment, physical activity, and culture.

The social result of animation work with the elderly, which must be strived for, is the full satisfaction of the socio-cultural needs of the individual. Animation socio-cultural programs, depending on the degree of activity of their participants, can be divided into the following groups.

Spectacular social and cultural events

The external activity of the audience is quite weak. Distinctive feature spectacle - high emotionality, achieved with the help of bright external effects and expressive forms. Spectacular programs, in which there are different types of art, are most often used for social and cultural work with pensioners. Participants of both adult and children's amateur performances are involved in concert and entertainment events in social security institutions.

Another type of socio-cultural animation is contemplation. Unlike the spectacle, during which something is shown to the audience, contemplation is characterized by a greater activity of the subject, since this process is one of the ways of knowing the external world. The elderly can contemplate the beauty of natural landscapes or urban architectural masterpieces, view exhibits from museum collections.

Cultural and educational animation programs

Focused on providing useful information. The work of specialists with older people in the preparation of cultural and educational programs must necessarily take into account the interests of the listeners. For events, it is necessary to use information that can be of interest to representatives of the older generation. In addition to lectures covering issues of literature and art, meetings are often held for the elderly with medical and social workers, lawyers, culinary and nutritionists, and agronomists. The peculiarity of these events lies in the possibility of live communication between pensioners and specialists.

Tutorials

They are designed to provide the elderly with knowledge and teach certain skills that may be vital or simply useful for leisure hobbies. Such classes should be conducted by qualified specialists who own the teaching methodology. For older participants, programs that teach first aid, self-massage, exercise therapy, cooking and dietary nutrition, and various types of needlework are suitable.

Cover a wide variety of calendar holidays that are celebrated throughout the year. Work with older people in the house of culture and other institutions in this area includes programs that dedicated to the Day victories, new year holidays, Day of the elderly, International Women's Day, Mother's Day. The staff of institutions and public organizations are involved in the preparation of events, and all interested citizens are also involved. A distinctive feature of such programs is the variety of bright actions that are carried out in parallel or sequentially, and the activity of older visitors.

Mobile and recreational programs

They include walking in places of rest. They can be combined with excursion programs, entertainment activities, free communication of the elderly.

Mobile and entertainment activities provide for the involvement of pensioners in an active movement appropriate to their age. Such programs usually consist of collective dances, various game competitions. When preparing and conducting them, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of the participants in order to avoid overloading the body.

Amateur animation programs

They are carried out with the aim of involving the elderly in creative activities, they can be both systematic and one-time short.

Physical culture and health programs

This is work with the elderly, requiring supervision by a specialist in exercise therapy. Its prerequisite is to take into account the state of health and individual features elderly participants.

Designed for older people who have no contraindications for sports at the amateur level.

The necessary conditions for the organization of such work include:

the availability of sports equipment suitable in its parameters for older people;
the presence of specialists who are ready to train the elderly;
the absence of social and domestic discrimination of pensioners involved in sports.

Public consciousness must be freed from socio-cultural stereotypes that translate the attitude towards the elderly as "remnants of the past".

Work on the preparation and implementation of socio-cultural programs intended for the elderly should be based on an understanding not only of the problems, but also of the specifics of this age group. People belonging to this category are highly active in social life. The elderly love to take the initiative, they strive for independent decision-making and independent action, they enjoy sharing their experiences. Therefore, projects aimed at the older generation should provide pensioners with the opportunity to maximize their abilities and use their creative powers.

The purpose of working with older people is to form their idea of old age as a period favorable for the disclosure of creative potential. Programs should help pensioners adapt to a new way of life and a changed social role. Work with the elderly is designed to create conditions for the effective use of their knowledge and skills, rich life experience. Participation in social and cultural events for many representatives of the older generation should become a specific method of rehabilitating the events of the past years, which are especially significant for them. It is important that this happens regardless of the historical assessment of the past from the point of view of modern knowledge.

During the aging period, communication is not only a socializing factor, but also a way of social and socio-psychological rehabilitation. When considered in this aspect, it acts not so much as a phenomenon naturally present in the life of an elderly person, but as a specially organized by society for the elderly.

The older generation belongs to a weakly protected social category. Older people have tremendous life experience and can bring significant benefits to society. It is unacceptable to leave them alone with their problems, to allow them to withdraw into themselves. The main condition for a worthy existence in old age is the possibility of expanding socio-cultural contacts, the implementation of active interaction with the environment. The main task of socio-cultural work with the elderly is to optimize the social life of the older generation.

We are ready to offer:

Comfortable boarding houses for the care of the elderly in Moscow and Moscow Region. We will offer all possible options for accommodating a person close to you.
A large base of qualified staff for the care of the elderly.
Round-the-clock care for the elderly by professional nurses (all staff are citizens of the Russian Federation).
If you are looking for a job, we offer vacancies for nurses.
1-2-3-bed accommodation in boarding houses for the elderly (specialized comfortable beds for bedridden people).
5 meals a day full and diet.
Daily leisure: games, books, movies, walks in the fresh air.
Individual work of psychologists: art therapy, music lessons, modeling.
Weekly examination by specialized doctors.
Comfortable and safe conditions: comfortable country houses, beautiful nature, clean air.

At any time of the day or night, the elderly will always come to the rescue, no matter what problem they are worried about. In this house, all relatives and friends. An atmosphere of love and friendship reigns here.

Working with the elderly

From this article you will learn:

What are the benefits of working with the elderly?

What is working with older people?

What kind of social work with elderly people is carried out in Russia

How do they deal with it abroad?

What are the technologies of psychological work with the elderly

Who works with older people to help them

Working with the elderly involves providing support to grandparents. Such help requires a lot of free time, as well as some qualities of character, for example, patience, responsiveness, the ability to find mutual language with them. Relatives of the elderly do not always have the opportunity to constantly be near and help them. For help in such a situation, people, as a rule, turn to social workers, nurses or a boarding house. Working with the elderly begins with an examination of the problems that concern the elderly.

What are the benefits of working with the elderly?

As life expectancy rises, the proportion of older people in the population also rises. According to statistics, about 12-22% of the population of economically developed countries are over 60 years old. In Russia, the proportion of elderly people is 14%. That is why the problems associated with their social status, role in the family, medical and social rehabilitation, service and provision are very important, and social work with the elderly is of particular importance.

The World Health Organization considers people 60-74 years old to be elderly, 75-89 years old to be older, and those over 90 years old to be long-livers. This division allows us to take into account the characteristics of people of different age categories, because working with older people involves taking into account their needs, requirements, biological and social capabilities.

Improving the quality of life and modern advances in the field of medicine contribute to an increase in life expectancy. It turns out that there are more elderly people in countries that are economically developed, in large cities, as well as in rural areas.

Social work with the elderly allows you to make the life of grandparents bright, rich and full.

The situation in the family, standard of living, working conditions, social and psychological factors determine the rhythm of aging.

All older people can be divided into groups:

cheerful;

healthy;

those who suffer from any disease;

those who live in a family;

lonely;

satisfied with retirement age;

those who work, but work is a burden to them;

unfortunate;

stay-at-homes;

those who live active lives.

The organization of work with the elderly involves taking into account their social status, mental characteristics, material and spiritual needs.

What is working with older people?

Work with the elderly is based on the characteristics and social problems of grandparents.

We list the main problems of older people:

1) Social problems of the elderly:

- Health . This problem worries the elderly the most. The incidence rate doubles at the age of 60-74 years, and after 75 - 6 times. As a rule, grandparents are overcome by diseases that did not manifest themselves much at a younger age. Many of them have visual impairment, hearing loss, joint problems. According to statistics, there are 2-4 illnesses per elderly person in our country. By the way, the cost of treatment is twice as high as that of young people. Of course, the work of caring for the elderly implies taking into account the state of health of the patient.

– Financial situation . Many older people complain about the lack of money. Alas, the level of inflation, the rise in prices for food and medicines are of great concern to them.

Of course, such stresses negatively affect the state of health. As a rule, older people cannot boast of a balanced diet. Many of them do not have enough money for shoes and clothes, cultural events. It is imperative to pay attention to such features of working with the elderly.

- Loneliness is another pressing issue. Many older people do not have full communication with friends and even relatives. This is due to the fact that they have a gradual narrowing of the circle of friends, because business ties are lost over time, and illnesses make you forget about friends and buddies. Relatives die, and the death of one of the spouses is the most common cause of loneliness. Psychological work with older people allows them to cope with such life difficulties.

Moreover, the problem gets worse a huge difference in the number of men and women in Russia. There are twice as many women as men. Alas, men do not live as long as women, and because of this, there are much more representatives of the weaker sex.

The perception of the death of a companion or life partner is different for grandparents. As a rule, a man recovers from the loss of his wife faster, as it is difficult for him to lead a single life. Yes, and it is much easier for representatives of the strong half of humanity to find a new love. Grandma, left without her grandfather, behaves differently. She is not interested in marriage, because she can live on her own and cope with all matters alone. As a rule, elderly women in such a situation expand their social circle and find new girlfriends, friends and buddies. Psychological work with older people in situations where an elderly person is left alone helps them to look at the world in a new way.

By the way, the desire of older people to create a couple is often caused by the fact that it is much easier to solve a financial issue together. Many elderly people want to find a good companion, someone they can rely on in any situation.

Sometimes older people are not interested in finding a partner, because they enjoy their loneliness, considering it freedom and independence. They do their best to narrow their social circle and enjoy the situation.

2) Health problems:

The aging process causes thinning of the skin. Feet, hands, places where bones protrude and large joints have very thin skin. The skin loses its elasticity due to the fact that the processes of sweating and sebum secretion slow down. It becomes dry, flabby, wrinkles appear, it is easy to injure it, it often cracks, and heals very badly. Working with older people requires taking into account similar age characteristics of older people.
Hair changes throughout life for hormonal, immune, genetic reasons. Due to changes in the follicles, hair color is lost, they become sparse and brittle.
Decreased amount of muscle tissue, which causes a decrease in the activity and working capacity of the elderly. Due to rapid fatigue, it is difficult for them to do any work and finish what they started to the end.
Walk is disturbed. You must have noticed that older people walk very slowly, unsteadily. The gait is shuffling, and the step is short. And turning around for grandparents is a whole problem, they do it clumsily.
The lung tissue loses its elasticity. There is a decrease in the mobility of the chest and diaphragm. The lungs no longer fully expand when inhaling. Many older people complain of shortness of breath. Grandparents often have congestive pneumonia caused by reduced bronchial patency, a violation of the “cleansing” function of the bronchi, and poor ventilation of the lungs.

3) Psychological problems. Psychological work with the elderly involves solving the following problems:

Loss of social fullness of life. Older people often self-isolate, that is, stop communicating with loved ones and friends. Social work with the elderly is aimed at the adaptation of grandparents in society.
Psychological protection, which causes fettering of the mind and feelings. It helps an elderly person to find temporary inner peace. However, psychological protection leads to the fact that the elderly refuse to accept any innovations that are not included in their usual understanding of things.
A peculiar sense of time. Of course, older people live in the present. But it is filled with memories of the past and fears of the future. This leads to old man becomes more careful, stores everything for future use. Life turns into a monotonous flow of days. Elderly people have to prepare mentally even for simple things, for example, going to the pharmacy, visiting a doctor, calling children, etc.
There are some negative qualities that were not so obvious in youth. Older people turn into more grumpy, irritable, quick-tempered.

What kind of social work is being done with the elderly in Russia

The Russian system of social protection of the population is now actively developing. The economic and social processes that take place in our society affect the well-being of every citizen, including the elderly. Social work with the elderly involves taking into account these factors.

Social work with the elderly has three main areas:

Social assistance (providing benefits and benefits to old people);

social services;

Organization of pension provision.

Social work with the elderly is aimed at meeting the needs of the elderly.

Social work with the elderly is an activity whose purpose is to support grandparents, provide psychological, medical, household, legal, material assistance, and adapt those who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

Social service is an enterprise that provides social services to the population, or an entrepreneur who provides customer service without forming a legal entity.

The clients of the social service are people who find themselves in a difficult life situation and for this reason receive assistance.

Social work with the elderly involves the provision of social services at home or in a social service institution. The Government of the Russian Federation determines and reviews every year the basic list of social services. The amount of assistance guaranteed by the state cannot be reduced.

The federal list determines the content of the territorial list. The executive authorities of the constituent entities of Russia approve it, paying attention to the needs of the inhabitants of this territory.

A difficult life situation involves a violation of human life. It can be associated with inability to self-care, serious illness, loneliness, etc.

Social work with the elderly is carried out in stationary, non-stationary, semi-stationary institutions.

If an elderly person cannot satisfy his needs on his own or with the help of loved ones, then this is not always a reason for placing him in a stationary institution.

Semi-stationary and non-stationary institutions make it possible to provide assistance to those who have retained full / partial ability to self-service. Thus, older people get the opportunity to use social services, but, at the same time, continue to live in their usual environment.

Assistance is provided through social service centers that use semi-stationary and non-stationary forms of work with the elderly.

Social work with the elderly is carried out through the departments:

help at home;

emergency assistance;

day stay;

Helpline

assistance in kind;

specialized home care unit.

Various forms of social work with the elderly are permanent or temporary. It all depends on the needs of the elderly. The service may be provided to an older person free of charge or may be paid/partially paid.

Women over the age of 55 and men over the age of 60 are entitled to social security only if they need outside help due to the complete or partial loss of the ability to care for themselves.

The Gerontological Center is a semi-permanent institution of a new type. Here the work of a social worker with the elderly is carried out. In such a center, a favorable environment is created that allows improving the psychological state of the wards, providing them with medical care and caring for them.

What technologies of work with older people are used abroad

1) Sweden. Since 1982, in this country, work with the elderly has been regulated by the Law on the Social Security of the Elderly. Of particular importance is the article entitled "The Right to Assistance". It's not just about financial benefits.

The article says that work with older people is aimed at ensuring that they "can lead an active existence."

Every Swedish citizen has the right to receive pension benefits. The basic pension does not depend on a person's income. An additional pension is added to it, which is calculated taking into account the labor activity of the elderly.

Working with the elderly involves monitoring the living conditions in which the elderly live. Firstly, housing should be comfortable, and secondly, it should be located close to social services. Grandparents are supposed to:

housing subsidies;

ordinary housing or one that is specially adapted to the needs and abilities of an elderly person;

housing for severely disabled people;

boarding houses.

Social work with the elderly is not limited to this. They are assisted in cooking, cleaning the premises, washing clothes, etc. In addition, transportation services are provided for the elderly.

County council fees, government grants and the insurance system are sources of funding for medical care for the elderly. As a rule, care in hospitals is provided free of charge. Consultations outside the hospital are paid, but they are inexpensive.

Parliament and government are responsible for national health policy.

2) UK. Social work with the elderly in this country is aimed at creating comfortable conditions for grandparents to live at home. There are not so many stationary institutions, therefore, basically, issues related to the care of the elderly are solved at home.

Assistance to the elderly is provided by both social workers and volunteers. The State Committee for Social Services for the Elderly coordinates their activities.

Home Helpers help with household chores. Nurses visit the elderly to give injections or dressings. In addition, day centers have been created for the elderly, in which interest clubs are organized.

Social work with the elderly is also carried out in boarding schools. They are old people who have no family. Pensioners constantly live in small houses with verandas. They are looked after by staff of the boarding school and, if necessary, provide them with assistance.

About 200 specialized hospitals provide services to the elderly, including preventive, curative and household care.

3) Germany. Volunteer associations, the main of which are church unions and the German Red Cross, play an important role in the social welfare of the elderly in this country. Of course, social work with the elderly is not carried out without the participation of the state. Numerous centers have been created in Germany where the elderly can stay during the day, interest clubs, etc. Just a few years ago, centers appeared that provide social and medical assistance to the elderly at home.

4) USA. Here, work with the elderly is also aimed at creating comfortable conditions for the elderly to live at home. In the United States, there are funds that provide the elderly with medical care, housing, food, and transportation services. Families who organize their own care for the elderly are paid an allowance.

Social work with the elderly includes the provision of services such as bathing, changing clothes, laundry, gymnastics, haircuts, pedicures, etc.

Apart from the usual institutions social security work with older people is also carried out in paid centers, the number of which is growing rapidly. In such institutions, services are provided to wealthy pensioners. Elderly people take courses of procedures, receive dietary nutrition, dance, play sports, visit a beauty salon. By the way, the cost of staying in such a center is lower than in a stationary institution.

5) Japan. The average life expectancy for men is 74.3 years, and for women - 79.8. The proportion of older people is 20%.

The health service for people over 40 operates at the local level. Working with the elderly involves:

maintaining a medical book;

health education;

consultations with medical professionals;

health monitoring;

retraining.

Local government authorities and insurance systems provide assistance to the elderly. Increasing life expectancy requires changes in the system of medical care and pensions. The current policy of Japan in such an area as working with the elderly is aimed at developing medical and social institutions of an intermediate nature.

What kind of psychological work with the elderly is carried out in a nursing home

Employees of the boarding house use various technologies of social work with the elderly. Attention is given to each guest. Specialists of the boarding house organize interesting leisure activities for their guests. So, let's look at the main methods of working with the elderly:

1) Bibliotherapy carried out in the form artistic reading in a group or collective listening to works. In addition, literary evenings, meetings with authors, book exhibitions are often organized in boarding houses.

Bibliotherapy involves the impact on an elderly person with the help of literature, due to which it mental condition gradually normalizes. Such methods of working with older people as bibliotherapy have a rehabilitation effect, allow older people to take a different look at their problems, satisfy their information needs, and develop speech abilities.

Reading allows you to normalize the state of a person who is not satisfied with his lifestyle and seeks to change it. Reading-related methods of working with older people only have a positive effect on grandparents. Thanks to reading, the elderly get new impressions, make up for the lack of their own ideas and images. Bibliotherapy restores peace of mind, replaces anxious feelings, thoughts with more positive ones.

2) Isotherapy- this is one of the psychotherapeutic methods that allows you to eliminate or reduce neuropsychiatric disorders. Working with older people using art therapy allows you to restore the individual value of an older person.

Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology for people with limited abilities. An elderly person manages to express his emotions, experiences through a drawing. Such work with older people improves the basic functions of the psyche.

3. Music therapy allows you to relieve stress and inner feelings.

In order for work with the elderly to give maximum result music should be carefully chosen. It must meet the following requirements:

calm rhythm;

lack of tension;

melody.

Working with the elderly through music therapy allows you to correct psychological disorders, develop abilities and activate the social and adaptive abilities of the elderly.

As a rule, experts use music of different genres. Working with the elderly involves a combination of different methods. For example, music can be an element that harmoniously complements the main activity. Musical accompaniment is included when the elderly are engaged in modeling, drawing, etc. Thus, the program of work with the elderly involves a combination of various methods and technologies.

4. Play therapy- a rehabilitation method that allows you to liberate pathological mental states, contributing to the adaptation, socialization of the wards.

Working with the elderly through play therapy involves developing, board, computer, outdoor games, competitions, tournaments. Any game can be adapted to the abilities of the elderly. To do this, it is enough to ease the conditions, reduce the number of participants or its duration.

By the way, such methods of social work with the elderly not only give good results, but also bring great pleasure to grandparents. It is known that many of us love to play, and such activities are acceptable for people of any age. Through the game we can express ourselves, our emotions, acquire social skills.

5. Clay therapy involves working with dough, plasticine, clay and is an effective way of rehabilitation. By the way, the clay itself has healing properties.

It is known that people working with clay do not suffer from joint diseases, high blood pressure, etc. Such work with older people helps them develop fine motor skills, intellectual abilities, and also contributes to the acquisition of professional skills.

6. Garden therapy- Introduction to the cultivation and care of various plants. This activity allows you to calm the psyche and improve well-being. Gardenotherapy contributes to the correction of emotional disorders. It is used as a method that helps older people recover from stress and illness, and normalize their mental state.

As a rule, working with older people involves a combination of all of the above methods.

Who works with older people to help them

Social worker. There are social workers in every city in our country. They can provide the following assistance to an elderly person:

Carrying out hygiene procedures;

Control of medication intake;

Assistance in the implementation of medical procedures and escort to the place where they are carried out;

Purchase of food, medicines (expenses are paid by relatives of an elderly person or by himself);

Cooking food;

Feeding;

Cleaning and ventilation;

Washing, ironing clothes, linen;

Accompanying during walks.

Nurse- a medical professional who knows how to care for an elderly person. Social work with the elderly is not an easy task, and such a profession will require such qualities as patience, hard work, and the ability to compassion. Alas, it is very difficult to find a nurse who will have such a character.

The assistant can be a visiting one, that is, her work with the elderly is paid by the hour, or live with the elderly. In the latter case, the nurse is paid a fixed salary.

Specialized boarding house (care for the elderly with accommodation). Such boarding houses are country hotels offering medical services. They are located in the suburbs, in quiet and deserted places, but not far from the center, so that relatives can easily get to a private nursing home. If work takes up most of your time, help for the elderly, that is, your grandparents, will be provided in one of these boarding houses.

Boarding houses offer not only care and accommodation. Such institutions have the equipment necessary to care for the elderly who have recently suffered injuries, surgeries, and serious illnesses. Medical care and supervision are important factors, but working with older people is not limited to this. Elderly people walk every day, communicate, attend concerts, picnics, watch movies and listen to music. In other words, the employees of a private boarding house use modern technologies for working with the elderly.

Alas, when thinking about a boarding house, many of us imagine a dreary nursing home with its frightening living conditions. However, the cost of being in a public institution is lower than in a private one, and this attracts many. However, before making a decision, you need to think about whether it is worth saving when it comes to living conditions for an elderly relative?

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of a private boarding house:

Employees have the necessary qualifications, which means they will provide quality care and qualified patient care. The boarding house has the necessary equipment that cannot be installed at home. Nurses look after the elderly, and doctors of various profiles are engaged in treatment. The nurse only supports the life of the elderly, and working with the elderly in a boarding house can significantly improve their quality of life.

Working with the elderly in boarding houses involves following a rehabilitation program that includes proper nutrition entertainment, organized leisure, etc.

There is the possibility of developing and selecting an individual program depending on the needs of the patient;

An elderly person can live a few days or permanently;

The staff is very large, so an elderly person will be able to choose exactly the nurse with whom he is comfortable;

In order to decide on the choice of boarding house may take a long time. Take this matter seriously. Come to the institution, communicate with employees and guests, read reviews on the Internet. The work with the elderly is carried out 24 hours a day, and you must be sure that you leave your elderly relative in good hands;

The idea of moving rarely pleases an elderly person.. As a rule, a nursing home is associated with hopelessness and boredom. It is for this reason that we recommend visiting a boarding house with your elderly relative, so that he is convinced that life in such an institution is much more interesting than being at home all the time alone.

We are ready to offer:

Round-the-clock care for the elderly by professional nurses (all staff are citizens of the Russian Federation).

5 meals a day full and diet.

1-2-3-seater placement (for recumbent specialized comfortable beds).

Daily leisure (games, books, crossword puzzles, walks).

Individual work of psychologists: art therapy, music lessons, modeling.

Weekly examination by specialized doctors.

Comfortable and safe conditions (comfortable country houses, beautiful nature, clean air).

You can get advice on admission to the boarding house by phone.

Type of work:

Thesis (VKR) on the topic: Social work with the elderly. The role of the CSO in social services

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INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….………3

I. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK

WITH OLDER CITIZENS…………………………...8

1.1. The concept of social work with elderly citizens…………..8

1.2. Modern social problems of citizens

old age………………………………………………………...22

2. THE ROLE OF THE CCSS (COMPLEX CENTER OF SOCIAL SERVICES) IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MODERN ELDERLY PEOPLE……………………………………...41

2.1. Traditional technologies in work with elderly citizens in the Russian Federation ...... 41

2.2. Innovative technologies of social work with citizens on the example of KCSO "Khoroshevsky"……………………………………..…...54

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….....68

REFERENCES……………………………………………………....71

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………….77

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INTRODUCTION

Elderly people need increased attention from society and the state, and are a specific object of social work. The importance of everyday attention to solving the social problems of this category of citizens is also increasing due to the increase in the proportion of older people in the structure of the Russian population. Thus, in 2008, out of 142 million 754 thousand people, there were 29 million 109 thousand people over the working age, which accounted for 23.03% of the total population. Trends in the increase in the proportion of older people in the total population, according to various demographic studies, continue. In this regard, it becomes obvious that the problem of social work with the elderly today is of national importance. Social work with the elderly in Russia is becoming a specific form of state social protection in order to ensure a decent old age.

The problems of social work with the elderly are currently the focus of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for the elderly.

The experience of social service centers unequivocally testifies to the extreme importance and necessity of the work carried out by these social services. A promising area of activity for social service centers is expanding the range of social services, introducing innovative technologies for social work with senior citizens.

Business cooperation with specialized scientific institutions and laboratories, as well as with educational institutions that train social workers and social work specialists, opens up new opportunities for improving the work of the CSO. The coordinating university for scientific and methodological training was the Russian State Social University, on the basis of which an educational and methodological association (UMO) of Russian universities in the field of social work was created.

Scientific works devoted to the study of the specifics of the problems of social work with the elderly are reflected in the works of S.A. Belicheva, S.I. Grigorieva, V.I. Zhukova, I.G. Zainysheva, I.A. Zimney, E.Sh. Kamaldinova, V.M. Kapitsina, V.V. Kolkova, L.I. Kononova, A.I. Lyashenko, V.P. Moshnyagi, V.A. Nikitina, G.I. Osadchey, P.D. Pavlenka, A.M. Panova, L.V. Topchiy, M.V. Firsova, E.I. Kholostova and others.

Theoretical and practical aspects of the training of professional personnel in the social sphere with the elderly are described in the works of V.G. Bocharova, G.V. Mukhametzyanova, P.D. Pavlenka, A.M. Panova, T.M. Tregubova, L.V. Topchego, Kholostova, N.B. Shmeleva, R.S. Yatsemirskaya.

In the works of A.I. Arnoldov, N.F. Basov, S.A. Belicheva, V.G. Bocharova, L.G. Guslyakova, I.A. Lipsky, V.Sh. Maslennikova, G.V. Mukhametzyanova, V.A. Nikitin, T.M. Tregubova, V.A. Fokina, I.V. Fokina, E.I. Kholostova, B.Yu. Shapiro, T.F. Yarkina presents methodological, methodological, applied aspects of social work with older people in Russia and abroad. In them, attention is focused on understanding its realities and prospects with this category of the population and pedagogical problems that arise when working with older people.

An analysis of the literature on the topic of the study showed that social work with the elderly is in the general attention of both legislators and social services. At the same time, in the theory and practice of social work, more attention is paid to traditional technologies in working with older citizens than to innovative ones. A change in the social status of a person in old age, caused primarily by the termination or restriction of labor activity, changes in value orientations, the very way of life and communication, the emergence of difficulties in social, psychological adaptation to new conditions, requires the development of special approaches, forms, methods and technologies in social work with the elderly.

The object of study of this diploma research is modern social problems of elderly citizens.

The subject of the study is the role of the social service center in improving the quality of life of elderly citizens.

The purpose of the diploma research is to study the role of the social service center in solving modern social problems of elderly citizens.

Hypothesis. The solution of modern social problems of elderly citizens will be carried out more effectively with the use of innovative technologies of social work by the KCSO.

The main objectives of the study:

1) consider the concept, essence and content of social work with elderly citizens;

2) to analyze modern social problems of elderly citizens;

3) describe the experience of using traditional technologies in working with older citizens using the example of KCSO;

4) find out the value of applying innovative technologies

in work with older citizens on the example of KTSSO.

To solve the tasks and test the hypothesis of the thesis, a set of methods was used:

Theoretical: literature analysis, systematization, generalization;

Empirical: questionnaire survey, descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis.

The study was conducted on the basis of the State Institution KTsSO "Khoroshevsky" of the SAO of Moscow. For the study, 40 elderly people were selected who periodically visit the day care department of the Center, of which 15 are men and 25 are women. The age limits of the sample are 60-69 years.

The novelty of the study lies in the insufficient development of the application of innovative technologies of social work on the problem of overcoming modern social problems of the elderly. This study can be used both in theoretical developments on the problem under study, and in practical application in the work of the CSO in order to improve the quality of life of older people.

Provisions for defense:

1. Identification of modern social problems of elderly citizens, taking into account their differentiation, allows you to choose the most effective technologies of social work.

2. Improving the quality of life of older people involves a comprehensive approach to solving the main problems inherent in old age, which include low income, poor health, lack of competitiveness in the labor market, increased lack of demand in the family and society, a sharp decline in social activity, loneliness.

3. The use of innovative technologies contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as ensuring the rights and ensuring a safe environment for older people, as well as improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services.

……………………………………………….

I. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH OLDER CITIZENS

1.1. The concept of social work with senior citizens

For many centuries, a specific mechanism for supporting the elderly population has been formed in Russia. The formation of social work with the elderly as a specific institution of society is associated with the transition of private charity into an organized system of state social policy.

Currently, social work with the elderly is based not only on the ideology of providing benefits and privileges, but also on humanistic, democratic ideas about the free personality of an elderly person who has his own rights, which are enshrined in regulatory documents.

This paragraph presents a brief historiogenesis of social work with the elderly in Russia; the concept, goals, content of social work with older people at the present stage of development of Russian society are revealed.

The specific mechanism for supporting the elderly population for many centuries in Russia was determined on the basis of such indicators as the state of the level of economic development of society, a multicultural environment, social differentiation, various types of social structure, etc.

The system of social protection of the elderly in Russia was gradually formed on the basis of private charity and the system of state charity. In the public consciousness of the Russian people at the everyday level, ideas about social differentiation and faith in the means of "protection" developed. The Russian mentality is characterized by belief in populism, Slavophilism, Westernism, and communism. Charity in Russia as a social phenomenon is the result of a compassionate attitude towards one's neighbor.

L.V. Badei distinguishes five periods in the history of the development of philanthropy in Russia.

The first period (from the 9th to the 18th century) includes the path from "poverty" to the first attempts of the state to intervene in the organization of care for the poor and disadvantaged, especially the elderly.

The second period - from the 60s of the XVIII century to the reform of 1861, when the foundations of state and public charity as forms of state assistance for shelter and subsistence were laid.

The third period - the 60s of the 19th century until 1917 - was the liberalization of social policy, the transfer of its functions to zemstvo self-government bodies and the development of Russian patronage.

The fourth period - from 1917 to 1990, or the Soviet period, during which private and public charity was reduced to the state form of social security.

The fifth period - from the beginning of the 1990s to the present, is characterized as the formation of a social work system that meets the standards of civil social society.

It should be noted that the network various kinds state social institutions expanded especially under Peter I. In 1718, only in Moscow there were more than 90 almshouses of various profiles, in which about 4 thousand people were kept.

Under Catherine II, the system of state charity is further developed. “Orders” or institutions were created that were entrusted with the “care and supervision” of public schools, orphanages, hospitals and hospitals, almshouses “for the poor, the crippled and the elderly”, “a special home for the terminally ill”, “workhouses for both sexes” and etc.

In general, the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries were the time of the formation of the state system of social charity, which operated under the guidance of special administrative and managerial bodies. Mostly it consisted of charitable institutions of a closed type.

In the second half of the 19th century, the reform of the entire system of social assistance to needy elderly citizens began, which was expressed in the decentralization of the management of the social sphere.

At the end of the 19th century, more than 5 thousand charitable institutions were under the jurisdiction of zemstvo and city self-government bodies on the territory of zemstvo provinces. The charitable movement grew rapidly. As evidenced by historical statistics, only during the year 1898, charitable societies and institutions provided one or another assistance to 7 million people, satisfied 20 million one-time requests from those in need. More than 460 thousand people permanently lived in almshouses and other charitable institutions.

In the middle of the 19th century, new approaches were outlined in the development of Russian charity, the main of which are decentralization and individualization in providing assistance to the elderly population.

In the 20th century, the role of non-governmental organizations in charity is growing again. However, its volume and scope are not commensurate with the contribution of the Russian nobility, merchants and the emerging bourgeoisie to charity and patronage.

A brief historiogenesis of social work with the elderly allows us to conclude that this activity was primarily aimed at providing material assistance to the elderly, first at the level of philanthropy, and then became a system of public education.

Social work with the elderly is currently based not only on the ideology of providing benefits and privileges, but also on humanistic, democratic ideas about the free personality of an elderly person who has a number of rights (economic, social, cultural). Elderly people in Russian Federation possess the entirety of socio-economic and personal rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

In the Russian Federation, the age limits of old age for men are 60-74 years, for women - 55-74 years

The system of social services in modern Russia is built and regulated in accordance with the legal norms and provisions of the Federal Laws: Federal Law of August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ “On social services for the elderly and disabled” ( last edition from 22.08. 2004), Federal Law No. 195-FZ of December 10, 1995 “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”, Federal Law No. 178-FZ of July 17, 1999 “On State Social Assistance” (last edition of November 25, 2006).

Favorable opportunities for the real provision of senior citizens with high-quality social services were created by the approval in 1997 by the Government of the Russian Federation of the target program "Older Generation", one of the most effective social programs, characterized by an innovative approach and comprehensiveness, sustainable financing. The program was extended for 2002-2004. and new tasks have been set for this period.

The main goal of the program was to create conditions for improving the quality of life of older citizens through the development of a network of social service institutions and improving their activities, ensuring the availability of medical care, educational, cultural, leisure and other services, promoting the active participation of older people in society.

The target program "Older Generation" has become an effective model of intersectoral cooperation, combining the efforts of a number of ministries and departments to strengthen, first of all, the material and technical base of social service institutions for the elderly and disabled. Measures were taken everywhere to overhaul, reconstruct, disaggregate, technically re-equip facilities for the elderly, and equip them with means to facilitate the care of the elderly.

During the implementation of the program, emphasis was placed on the need for a systematic solution to the problems of developing social services for the elderly, the application of uniform network management principles and the consistent introduction of new organizational and legal forms of institutions, ensuring the availability of social services using mobile social services, the availability of specialists with a high status in all main indicators.

Taking into account the norms and requirements of the main international documents, ideas were actively developed about the need to perceive the older generation not only as recipients of assistance, but also as subjects capable of being active and participating in the social life of society. Currently, the implementation of the Federal Target Program "Older Generation" is continuing, which is designed for the period up to 2010.

By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 2, 1998, Russia joined the celebration of the International Year of Older Persons.

An important development in relation to attention to the problems of older people is the fact that 1999 was declared the International Year of Older Persons. The UN documents relating to the conceptual and operational foundations of the Year, say that each state is free to choose a strategy for its implementation.

In 2002, the International Plan of Action on Aging was adopted at the Second World Conference on Aging in Madrid, in which Member States committed to take action on three priority areas: older people and development, promoting improved health and well-being in old age; ensuring existence in a favorable sustainable environment .

In his annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, V.V. Putin, being the President of Russia in 2006, identified the problem of demography as the main problem of the country, called it the most acute problem of modern Russia.

At an expanded meeting of the State Council in February 2008, when the issue of the Development Strategy until 2020 was considered, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin set the task of reducing the mortality rate in the Russian Federation by more than 1.5 times and increasing life expectancy by 2020 to 75 years. The average life expectancy in the Russian Federation is 66 years, of which 60 years for men and 73 years for women. While in economically developed countries the gap in life expectancy between men and women is approximately 6-8 years, and in Russia - 13 years.

The current President of Russia D.A. Medvedev repeatedly drew attention to the problems of elderly citizens from the State Duma, the Russian public.

Taking into account the tasks set by the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma has begun active work aimed at the overall growth of incomes in the country, at improving the pension system. Important socially oriented federal laws have been adopted aimed at creating conditions for a qualitative increase in labor pensions of citizens by stimulating them pension savings, including through co-financing from the federal budget, the National Wealth Fund, additional insurance premiums for funded part labor pension. In the autumn session of 2008, almost 585 bills were considered, of which 51 bills were proposed for consideration by the Labor and Social Policy Committee. The State Duma is actively working aimed at the overall growth of incomes in the country, at improving the system of pensions and social services for the elderly.

In the domestic theory of social work, based on the modern practice of social work with the elderly, the content of the concept of social work with the elderly is not sufficiently developed. The concept of social work with the elderly A.N. Panov conditionally subdivides into the following groups of definitions:

1) definitions in which the essence of social work with the elderly is presented in a generalized way, including macrosocial processes in the structure of social activities aimed at providing assistance, assistance to the elderly;

2) definitions that are not directly related to social work with older people, but affect certain aspects;

3) definitions in which the subject field of social work is reduced to its individual social services;

4) definitions that adequately identify social work with the concepts accepted in many countries of the world.

In a broad sense, social work with the elderly acts as a consequence of the social policy of the state, aimed at maintaining the living standards of the older generation and ensuring their social security.

In a narrow sense, it is aimed at optimizing the activity of an elderly person as a subject of various spheres of life.

Based on a theoretical analysis and comparison of the points of view of various researchers, social work with the elderly is defined as a special process of purposeful practical activity carried out by professionally trained specialists, humanistically aimed at effectively resolving the individual problems of older people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

It should be noted that most researchers continue to consider social work with the elderly as an activity to meet the needs of the client and resolve his problems: low income, poor health and loneliness. This requires the social worker to be able to provide special types assistance, which, however, are not differentiated depending on the capabilities, abilities and subjectivity of an elderly person, while in the world practice of social work there has been a tendency to transfer an elderly person from the position of an object of social work to its subject.

Therefore, based on the subjective approach in social work with this category of the population, there is an urgent need to revise the content of social work with the elderly. The construction of this type of activity is based on goals of various levels. In modern geopolitical conditions, they consist not so much in adapting to this age, providing material and psychological help how much in initiating the activity of an elderly person in solving their problems. To transfer it from an object of social protection to a subject, it is necessary to create real conditions based on economic, psychological, pedagogical programs that allow setting in motion incentives for the development of activity of this category of the population.

In a broad socio-economic sense, the goal of social work in this case is to compensate for economic disadvantage and equalize the opportunities of this group of the population based on the use of their rights.

In a narrow, organizational and social sense, the purpose of social work with older people is, first of all, to provide them with various types of assistance in the implementation of legal social rights and compensation for physical, mental, intellectual deficiencies that impede their full-fledged life.

It follows from this that the goal of social work with the elderly is, first of all, to provide the elderly with a decent old age.

All the goals of social work with the elderly can be differentiated by the time of implementation into long-term, medium-term, short-term. The long term goals are:

Promoting unconditional observance of the constitutional rights and legitimate interests of older citizens;

Promoting their human dignity; assertion of their significant role in social development.

Medium-term goals are:

Ensuring the optimal level of individual adaptation of the elderly to life in the new socio-economic conditions;

Providing the necessary social assistance and guaranteed social services that contribute to the creation and maintenance of conditions for a full life in old age.

The short-term goals of social work with older people are:

Participation in the formation of public consensus regarding the situation and problems of older people;

Facilitating the attraction of additional investments to finance social services for the elderly, based on the initiative of the public, with the participation of non-state structures.

From the analysis of special literature, by means of theoretical generalization and comparison, the main aspects of social assistance to the elderly as the least protected category of the population are highlighted.

At the institutional level of the organization, they include a functionally defined complex:

Educational work with this category of citizens;

Compliance with the fundamentals of legislation that establishes the system of rights of older people;

Differentiated accounting for differences in the demographic characteristics of older urban and rural populations.

At the institutional-regional level, this is the development and organization of such a network of stationary, semi-stationary and non-stationary social service institutions for the elderly, which takes into account the methods of system analysis in social management and introduces innovative forms of work with older people. At the same time, the content of education at this age should be built from the standpoint of a comprehensive andragogical and institutional approach (A.D. Goneev, S.I. Zmeev, A.A. Labeykin, G.A. Klyucharev, T.M. Kononygina, A. F. Kolesnikova, V.A. Fokin and others).

According to its goals, social work includes the creation of conditions conducive to effective readaptation and favorable functioning and life of the elderly in society.

It is very important that an elderly person feel the strength in himself that allows him to dominate any circumstances. The meaning of social work is social rehabilitation, a real restoration in the usual duties, functions, activities, the nature of relationships with people, the transformation of an elderly person from an object (client) into a subject.

It is necessary not only to give to an elderly person, but also to help him continue to give of himself, so that he feels a certain stability, feels optimism and hope that in new circumstances a person remains needed.

The priority direction of social work with the elderly is the organization of their environment in such a way that an elderly person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment. Freedom of choice gives rise to a sense of security, confidence in the future, responsibility for one's own and others' lives.

A social work specialist is a person who, in the environment of professional interaction, establishes humanistic and moral relations in society when organizing social support. It forms a real system of value orientations of the individual and directly affects the elderly person and his environment. By virtue of their value attitudes and individual personal qualities, a social worker changes the situation in the micro-society, gradually interacting with social and public institutions, in fact, helps to solve the individual problems of a particular person.

The system of providing qualified social assistance to elderly clients, according to its goals, includes several specific areas.

1. Information and analytical direction of professional activity: conducting a preliminary collection of information about a particular elderly person, choosing methods for clarifying diagnostics to analyze the problem, developing an effective social project to resolve the existing problems of an elderly person.

2. Organizational and practical specifics in the provision of primary social assistance in a particular situation, in order to mobilize the client's forces for self-help. This requires a specialist to be ready for systematic professional interaction with a needy elderly person in the form of counseling, his moral and psychological support and the provision of practical assistance aimed at overcoming problems that are relevant for an elderly person (obtaining benefits, pensions, compensations).

3. Coordination and management direction, which concerns the readiness of a specialist to create a set of conditions for social rehabilitation and ensure the interaction of an elderly person with specialists and employees of other services. At the same time, a functional analysis of the capabilities of the involved organizations and the modern administrative and legal framework in a particular situation is necessary.

4. Generalizing and analytical direction: forecasting by a specialist of the occurrence of social problems of an elderly person and ways to resolve them, and information and evaluation activities in organizing control over the progress and results of social rehabilitation with the maintenance of relevant accompanying business documentation.

The selected areas determine in their system the personal characteristics of a productive and effective, that is, a qualitative achievement of the predicted result in a qualifiedly organized process of social assistance to lonely elderly clients.

The main criteria of quality, success and productivity (constructiveness) in the performance of a specialist's professional activity (social, organizational, evaluative) significantly depend on the individual and personal characteristics of its performance.

In deontology L.V. Topchiy and A.A. Kozlov include the basic principles, moral precepts that allow for effective social services for the population, excluding adverse factors in social work, aimed at optimizing the system of relationships between various categories of social service personnel and clients, preventing the negative consequences of social services: professional duty, disinterestedness, professional restraint and self-control, trust between specialists and clients, professional secrecy, etc.

Deontological problems are especially acute when dealing with seriously ill elderly people who have lost the ability to self-service. It is well known that patient and balanced people are most successful in caring for sick people. A sense of respect for an elderly person, an interest in his life path and experience usually increase confidence in a social worker, his authority as a specialist.

The key concepts for social work - "welfare", "social functioning" - carry a value-normative connotation and imply life in society according to its norms and in accordance with its values.

The most important characteristic of social work is its humanistic orientation. Priority here is given to the values of respect for the individual, his autonomy and personal dignity, belief in the possibility of self-realization of the individual, continuity of development, integrity and awareness of human experience. But this does not exclude at all, and even presupposes, social responsibility, social justice and equality. The humanistic orientation implies the assertion of the individual's right to free will and moral existential choice of a life path.

In conclusion, we can conclude that, based on the humanistic orientation of social work, at present, older people are not patients of social services, but clients who are endowed with an equal volume and list of rights in relation to their nation, gender, language, religion, beliefs, and views.

1.2 Modern social problems of elderly citizens

The practice of social work in the Russian Federation shows that the category of older citizens includes completely different people. Among them there are healthy and not very healthy, as well as those suffering from chronic severe diseases (physical and mental); living in families and single; having different material and social conditions; satisfied with life and unhappy, desperate; inactive stay-at-homes and people leading an active lifestyle, etc.

In this paragraph, special attention will be paid to the consideration of social problems of elderly citizens at the present stage of development of Russian society.

Older people are characterized by special social problems, which are primarily related to health.

The social conditions of life of older people are primarily determined by their state of health. Important is not only the objective state of health, but also the self-assessment of well-being by older people. G.D. Yanovsky in 2007-2008 conducted a selective study of older people living in Moscow, rural areas of the Moscow region, in Samara, Dubna. For self-assessment of health, the following control question was included in the questionnaire: “Are you satisfied with your health at the present time?” (the results of the answers are shown in Figure 1.1), but at the same time, some respondents refused to answer this question without explaining the reasons. The most satisfied with their well-being are the elderly people of Dubna (59%). Elderly people living in Moscow to a greater extent, in comparison with other respondents, are not satisfied with their well-being (58%). Among residents of rural areas of the Moscow region, 42% are not satisfied with their health, 35% are satisfied. Of the responding elderly people living in Samara, the percentage of satisfied and dissatisfied with their well-being was equal (35%).

Figure 1.1. Satisfaction with the well-being of older people at the present time, in %.

Indicators of self-assessment of their well-being by older people are important for the selection of forms, methods and technologies of social work in this direction. Nevertheless, in order to provide timely and effective medical and social assistance, an objective picture of the presence of diseases in the elderly is necessary.

The incidence rate of the elderly is almost 6 times higher than that of the young. On average, one elderly patient in Russia has from 2 to 4 diseases, and the cost of treating the elderly is 1.5-1.7 times higher than the cost of treating young people.

Figure 1.2. Presence of diseases among respondents by regions, in %

Ranking of morbidity according to the answers of the surveyed elderly people in a study conducted by G.D. Yanovsky is shown in Figure 1.2. From the diagram of Figure 1.2, it can be seen that cardiovascular diseases dominate (1st place), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the musculoskeletal system take the 2nd place, diseases of the respiratory system 3rd, 4th - diseases of the digestive system, 5th - diseases of the endocrine system, 6th - diseases of the nervous system, 7th - diseases of the genitourinary system, 8th - oncological diseases. Unfortunately, it was not possible to take into account the incidence of eye diseases in this survey, although there were a lot of complaints about these diseases, but many elderly people could not qualify them, since few people turned to an ophthalmologist. Problems with dentures and dental diseases were not identified in this survey either, since this problem affects almost every elderly person and is assumed by default.

Unfortunately, so far most Russian pensioners quality health care is not available.

In many countries, up to half of all health care budgets are now spent on health care for the elderly. (N.A. Averchenko, E.V. Karyuhin, R.S. Yatsemirskaya, I.G. Belenkaya, N.F. Dementieva, A.V. Podkorytov, D.A. Turchenkova and others).

A feature of Russia is that among the 32 million people of the elderly and senile age, 10.8 million people are disabled.

The number of disabled people is characterized by a pronounced regional asymmetry (N.K. Guseva, I.K., Syrnikov, I.V. Kuznetsova, L.P. Grishina, S.N. Puzin, G.D. Yanovsky).

According to the results of the 2007-2008 study, G.D. Yanovsky found that the picture of disability in the metropolis and in the countryside differ radically: in the countryside, 82.7% do not have a documented disability, while in Moscow only 26.5% (Fig. 1.3) .

Figure 1.3. Disability of respondents by region, in %.

This situation with disability eloquently indicates a significantly lower access to medical care for the elderly in the countryside.

The year 2009 was declared by Moscow Mayor Y. Luzhkov as the Year of Equal Opportunities – equal opportunities for the disabled and healthy people. The Moscow government not only pays attention to the social problems of the disabled, but also takes effective steps in this direction.

1. Adaptation of administrative buildings, structures and territories of the city for the disabled (including new construction, reconstruction and repair).

2. Appropriate re-equipment of the existing housing stock and yard areas adjacent to houses, pedestrian and transport communications.

3. Creation of conditions for the unhindered use of public ground passenger transport by disabled people.

4. Improving the work of the specialized service "Social Taxi".

The Year of Equal Opportunities is the launching pad for the implementation of a larger project - "Strategies for improving the quality of life of people with disabilities in the city of Moscow for the period up to 2020". Thus, these are not just one-time actions, events, but a large-scale purposeful project.

This approach should be applied at all regional levels, although it requires certain material costs.

The financial situation is a problem of the elderly, which can compete in its importance with health. If the elderly have a family, they find some way out to cope with the problems that arise. If an elderly person is lonely, then despite all the allowances, they cannot provide themselves with a decent life.

Senior citizens are mostly people who have stopped working. Aging, a person cannot part with the needs and motives of youth. Only a small number of pensioners continue to work in Russia - 15% of male pensioners and 12% of women.

Pensioners have a material income several times lower than those who work. This is due, first of all, to defects in the physical condition caused by diseases, with reduced motor activity. For pensioners, there is a job that does not require special qualifications and is poorly paid. Elderly people feel they are not in demand in society, they are alarmed by the level of inflation, the high cost of medical care. This problem especially concerns lonely elderly people, who can only wait for help from the state. The material life of older people in most lonely older people is limited to the level of survival, they are content with what they have.

As the results of the survey of Yanovsky G.D. in 2007-2008, elderly citizens (especially in the countryside - 2/3) do not complain about their living conditions, although they barely make ends meet and have enough money only from pension to pension, half of the elderly in the countryside do not complain about their financial situation, and in this in respect they look more prosperous than in Samara, Moscow and Dubna. Half of the elderly population in the countryside do not complain about food, because live off the subsidiary farm, but medical care leaves much to be desired, because. for the majority of villagers, modern medical care is less accessible. In the capital, things are much better with medical care, but satisfied older people surveyed, residents of Moscow, do not reach 50%.

The analysis of subjective assessments of satisfaction with life of the surveyed older people, in general, showed rather high assessments of housing conditions and nutrition and low assessments of the financial situation and medical care (Figure 1.4)

The high scores of the first two positions speak of the unpretentiousness, unspoiltness, peacefulness of an elderly Russian who is accustomed to hardships, who has endured all the hardships of life, including the hardships of the Great Patriotic War (a total of 180 participants in the war or 26% of the respondents in this sample of 697 people), the difficulties of post-war years and all the disorder of the modern life of older people, especially lonely ones.

Figure 1.4. Satisfaction with various spheres of life of respondents by region, in %.

A change in the social status of a person in old age, as the theory and practice of social work shows, first of all, negatively affects the moral and financial situation, negatively affects the mental state, reduces the body's resistance to diseases and adaptation to changes in the social environment.

The family for the elderly remains the most reliable refuge. To the questions “Who helps you: financially, morally, during an illness, when buying groceries, at home?” G.D. Yanovsky received answers indicating that the elderly person expects the main help from children and relatives. The survey results are shown in the diagram in Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5. Contribution of children and other relatives to the provision of various types of assistance to respondents, in %.

From the diagram in Figure 1.5, it can be seen that the interviewed elderly people from Samara receive the greatest support during illness (help during illness - 100%, moral - 80%), but at the same time they receive material support from children and relatives to a lesser extent, than the rest of the surveyed older people (45%). This is probably due to the fact that children, relatives of the elderly, are not well off. It is noteworthy that the elderly people surveyed receive moral support and help during illness from children and relatives to a greater extent. Against the backdrop of the development of the global financial crisis, socio-psychological support for the elderly is especially significant, because. they are in a less advantageous material and moral position compared to other strata of society.

For older people, family and kinship ties are an important support, but sociological surveys conducted in Russia in 2005-2007 showed that complaints of loneliness among older people rank first. So, in people over 70 years old, this figure reaches 99-100%, while, according to the study by A.G. Simakova, in the total number of old people, the share of lonely people is small - 6.2%. In some regions, the number of lonely elderly people reaches 30% of the total number of elderly people.

People living alone tend to be more pessimistic about their life prospects: they foresee more unpleasant events in the future than older people living in a family. Considering that the number of people living alone is constantly increasing in many developed countries of the world, including our country, scientists are increasingly trying to draw attention to the socio-demographic prerequisites for loneliness.

The loneliness of an elderly person exacerbates all his problems due to the lack of family members and relatives who can provide material or psychological support.

The problem of loneliness of older people is also the problem of their lack of demand by society. This refers to loneliness not only in terms of living conditions, but also in the feeling of being useless, when a person believes that he was misunderstood, underestimated. This gives rise to negative emotions and depression.

The loneliness of older people is exacerbated by alienation from younger generations. In society, there is a manifestation of gerontophobia (hostile feelings towards old people) and ageism (prejudices towards old people).

Negative attitudes towards the elderly and old people have a significant impact on the motives of behavior, well-being and even the state of health of older people who consider themselves superfluous in society. According to domestic researchers, single people aged 65-75 may experience suicidal age-related depression, and older people over 75 are constantly haunted by the thought of dying on their own.

The negative stereotypes of old age include: illness, helplessness, poor memory, weakening of mental abilities, loss of contact with reality. Attitudes appear: “old people are not interesting”; "they are like children"; "they have nothing to expect from life" (defeatism).

In Russia, there is also a problem of neglect and violence against older people in the family. Currently, there is no generally accepted definition of the concept of "violence against the elderly", so different authors offer different interpretations of it. O. Maley characterizes such violence as “the deliberate infliction of physical and psychological pain, suffering and injury on an elderly person, as well as unreasonable restriction or complete deprivation of the necessary care and treatment that would support his mental and physical health” . In the textbook Kholostova E.I. provides another definition of "active caregiver action that results in physical and mental injury or economic loss to the elderly person, and the caregiver's failure to provide proper care even with all the necessary resources" .

In the specialized literature, such types of neglect and violence as physical and psychological are distinguished.

Physical violence involves the infliction of physical pain, injury or even murder, forcible coercion to something (including sexual harassment), as well as the introduction of various kinds of prohibitions against an elderly person, restrictions on his rights and freedom. This type also includes medical violence (negligence and untimely delivery of medicines, intentional overdose of a medicine or, conversely, deliberate refusal of a patient to receive the necessary medicine).

Regarding the concept of neglect, two forms of its manifestation are distinguished in the literature: active (intentional deprivation of vital things, deliberate failure to provide care and concern) and passive (situations of isolation and even forgetting about its existence).

Psychological abuse involves inflicting mental suffering on an elderly person, swearing and insulting him, threatening to place him in a nursing home, inflicting physical pain or isolation, as well as the formation and development of a sense of fear in him.

Its other form is economic violence, which is expressed in the appropriation by other family members of the property or funds of older people without their consent, the use of their savings illegal or against the will of the old man, as well as the material dependence of the elderly on their guardians.

Research N.M. Rimashevskaya show that psychological violence is used more often than physical violence against the elderly, and ranges from 46 to 58% of cases of violence, while beatings and other more common forms of physical violence were noted in 15-38% of cases.

The most vulnerable to violence and most often exposed to it are elderly women over 75 years of age, representatives of the middle class, suffering from serious functional and mental disorders, which may be accompanied by deafness, lack of ability to move independently, etc., which makes it difficult to communicate with such people and contributes to the accumulation of a person caring for them of tension and aggression against them.

Persecution is most often carried out by those relatives who have been caring for this elderly person for a long time or, on the contrary, are physically, psychologically or emotionally dependent on him, and in more than half of the cases the aggressor is the daughter of the victim, then, as the frequency of cases decreases, son, great-granddaughter, husband or sister.

With the transition to the category of older people, the relationship between a person and society, value orientations (the meaning of life, happiness, good and evil, etc.) often change radically, the lifestyle itself, the daily routine, goals and objectives, and the circle of communication change.

In a study of older people, G.D. Yanovsky revealed the preferences of the elderly. In the structure of employment in free time, it prevails in descending order of importance in the settlements selected for this study. Table 1.1 lists the older person's free time structure options and place of preference by place of residence.

Table 1.1

Leisure time of the elderly, structure of preferences, in %

Types of recreation	Samara		Village		Moscow		Dubna		All respondents
Types of recreation		rank		rank		rank		rank		rank
Television


walks
Favourite buisness

Telephone conversations
Church visit
Theatre, cinema, exhibitions

At the first glance at Table 1.1, it is quite obvious: in Dubna people read more than in the countryside and in Samara, but everywhere they watch TV and listen to the radio equally actively. A quarter of the elderly are engaged in what they love, more than a third of them prefer walking (except in the village, where life itself is half spent in nature and is associated with working in the garden and caring for livestock). Again, besides the village, many elderly pass the time in telephone conversations - more than a third of them. Quite actively, the elderly attend church and theaters, cinema (the latter, of course, except for the village). The dependence of the activity of the elderly on well-being is very clearly characterized by the answers to the question “How do you evaluate your rest?” (Figure 1.5). According to self-assessment, older people in the countryside evaluate their rest as passive, due to the fact that rural life itself with hard physical labor, with low opportunities to spend time is varied and because of the small set of such opportunities, it seems to the elderly in the countryside as a sedentary, passive life.

Conducted by Yanovsky G.D. The survey showed that territorial differences in the life of the elderly are determined mainly by differences in the living conditions of the city and the countryside: the difference is in the availability of medical care, living conditions (availability of various communications, etc.), leisure opportunities, and finally, in the level education and preferences in the value system.

Figure 1.5. Respondents' self-assessment of their own recreation, in %.

To give up the usual lifestyle, to find its new meaning, new content - this is the central task for an elderly person.

According to K. Roschak's research, the list of needs in old age is largely the same as in previous periods of life, but the structure and hierarchy of needs are changing. There is an advancement to the center of the needs sphere of an elderly person of the need for security, autonomy and independence, as well as for projecting onto his other mental manifestations. At the same time, the needs for creativity, love, self-actualization and a sense of community become less significant.

Older people are becoming more and more unclaimed, therefore, from a human, humanistic position, the recognition of the social value of older people as carriers of the traditions and cultural heritage of nations, the promotion of modern scientific knowledge about the social activity of late years of life, about ways to achieve "successful" aging, are of great importance.

In the Russian Federation, there are more than 38 million pensioners and 29 million disabled people, of which the elderly are a rapidly growing socio-demographic group, and it is impossible not to see that they make a significant contribution to the development of Russia, are the guardians of spiritual and moral values, and carry out feasible labor activity in its various manifestations.

The composition of older people in the Russian Federation, as mentioned earlier, is different. Among the elderly, there are those who are weighed down by various physical and mental illnesses, have disabilities, and cannot lead a more active lifestyle. Others have potential and strive to realize themselves in active work, continue to work, seek to find a job; others realize their potential in socially useful activities; the third pass to a passive way of life. Even among older people with disabilities, there are hobbies that make them feel needed.

In Russian society, conditions have not yet been created for realizing the potential of the older generation, at the same time, society is not ready to take advantage of the potential of older people - there is no system and appropriate mechanisms.

But, nevertheless, this problem is currently designated at the state level, various scientific studies are being carried out in the theory and practice of social work, developmental psychology, gerontology, etc.

At the end of 2008, one of the meetings of the Center for Social Innovations was held, dedicated to innovative technologies to solve the socio-economic problems of the older generation - "Active longevity: innovative technologies", organized under the auspices of the party " United Russia”, Department of Social Protection of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Chairman of the meeting of the Center G.N. Karelova in her opening speech emphasized that “Modern society and the state bear a humane responsibility for creating conditions for the continuation of life and for those who, for various reasons, are no longer able to lead an active life, are not capable of self-service. But the main goal of society, the state and its citizens in this direction should be the creation of conditions and prerequisites specifically for active creative and professional longevity.

At the meeting, a statement was quoted from an interview for the ORT channel by Natalia Bekhtereva, director of the Research Institute of the Brain, in which she said that at any age, if a task is set for the mind, then the physiological state of the human body begins to work in a completely different way. Thus, the more the load on the mind goes, the tasks are set for the mind, the more the mind finds reserves, begins to cope, the reverse reaction of brain aging occurs. This statement, confirmed by many years of scientific research, allows us to cherish the potential of older people even more. Indeed, if you look at the lists of Nobel Prize winners, you can see that about half of the greatest discoveries are made by middle-aged and older people.

As a result of the meeting, it was emphasized that at the present stage of development of Russian society, a decisive departure from the view of older people as a burden on society and the state is necessary. In accordance with this, the structure of diagnostics and prevention of aging should be built. Unfortunately, today our medicine is arranged in such a way that most of the state funds are directed to support already old age and those elderly people who cannot physically work today. The experience of developed countries, where health is highly valued, hundreds of billions of dollars and the entire potential of medical science are invested, shows that other important decisions are needed to increase human life expectancy. Therefore, Russian society is faced with the task of learning to live in conditions where the structure of the population by sex and age has changed, when it is necessary to coordinate the interests of all age groups, when ensuring the well-being of children and the elderly will require a consistently high expenditure of resources of all kinds.

At the end of this paragraph, we can conclude that in the special literature of recent years, more and more studies have appeared on the entire spectrum of social problems of the elderly. The main problems of older people are associated with poor health, poverty and loneliness. Moreover, these problems are universal throughout the world.

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CONCLUSIONS ON THE FIRST CHAPTER

1. Social work with the elderly in a broad sense is a consequence of the social policy of the state aimed at maintaining the living standards of the older generation and ensuring their social security. In a narrow sense, it is aimed at optimizing the activity of an elderly person as a subject of various spheres of life.

2. Social work with the elderly at the present stage of development of Russian society, based on the subjective approach, acts as a special process of purposeful practical activity carried out by professionally trained specialists, humanistically aimed at effectively resolving the individual problems of older people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

3. The essence of social work with the elderly lies in adapting to this age, providing material and psychological assistance, initiating the activity of an elderly person in solving their problems.

4. The priority direction of social work with older people is the organization of their living environment in such a way that an older person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment. Freedom of choice gives rise to a sense of security, confidence in the future, responsibility for life.

5. Improving the quality of life of older people involves a comprehensive approach to solving the main problems inherent in old age, which include low income, poor health, loneliness, lack of competitiveness in the labor market, increased lack of demand in the family and society, a sharp decline in social activity.

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2. THE ROLE OF CCSO (COMPLEX CENTER OF SOCIAL SERVICES) IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MODERN ELDERLY PEOPLE

2.1. Traditional technologies in work with senior citizens in the Russian Federation

Social work (in the broad sense of the word) with such categories of people as the elderly and the disabled is carried out systematically in the bodies and institutions of social security (social protection).

Currently, older people receive significant support through social service centers (SSCs) of municipal and territorial governments.

Social service centers are medical and social institutions intended for temporary, daytime stay, as well as home care for the elderly, lonely elderly citizens, and the disabled.

This paragraph will analyze the role of the CSO in improving the quality of life of modern older people on the example of the state institution of the integrated center of social services CSO "Khoroshevsky" of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow, which since December 1, 2008, due to the expansion of forms and methods of social services for the population was renamed into the State Budgetary Institution of the City of Moscow "Integrated Center for Social Services" Khoroshevsky "of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow.

A comprehensive social service center is a social service institution administered by the social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or municipal social protection authorities, created to provide families and individuals who find themselves in a difficult life situation with assistance in exercising their legitimate rights and interests, assistance in improving their social and financial situation, as well as their psychological status.

GU KTsSO "Khoroshevsky" is located at the address: Moscow, Khoroshevskoe shosse, 80/84.

KCSO "Khoroshevsky" carries out its activities in accordance with the priority areas of social policy established by the Government of Moscow, and also ensures the implementation of the current Federal Laws and city regulations.

The main normative act is the Regulation on the Center for Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens.

The main tasks of the Center are:

1. development of comprehensive planned measures to organize social services for citizens, prevent a decrease in the level of their social protection based on an analysis of the social and demographic situation, the level of socio-economic provision of the population in the territory served by the Center;

2. identification of citizens in need of social services, together with state and municipal authorities, public and religious organizations and associations;

3. differentiated accounting of all citizens in need of social services;

4. determination of specific forms of assistance, the frequency of its provision to citizens in need of social services, based on the state of health and the ability to self-service;

5. provision of social, domestic, commercial, medical, advisory and other services of a permanent, temporary or one-time nature to citizens in need of social services, in accordance with the federal or territorial list of state-guaranteed services, subject to the principles of humanity, targeting, continuity, accessibility and confidentiality of care provision;

6. labor rehabilitation of citizens in medical and labor workshops, home-based industries, subsidiary farms administered by the Center, subject to the legislation on labor and labor protection of the Russian Federation;

7. introduction into practice of new forms of social services, depending on the nature of the need of citizens for social support and the local socio-economic conditions of the region;

8. involvement of various state, municipal and non-state structures in resolving issues of providing social support to citizens and coordinating their activities in this direction;

9. implementation of measures to improve the professional level of the Center's employees.

Since April 17, 2009 KCSO "Khoroshevsky" has been providing social services to the population on the basis of the Decree of the Government of Moscow of March 24, 2009 No. 215-PP On measures to implement the law of the city of Moscow of July 9, 2008 No. 34 "On social services for the population of the city Moscow”, which approved:

Regulations on the admission of citizens to non-stationary social service institutions of the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the City of Moscow;

Regulations on the admission of citizens to institutions of stationary social services in the city of Moscow and payment for services of stationary social services;

Regulations on the procedure for the provision by bodies and institutions of social protection of the population of targeted social assistance to citizens in difficult life situations;

Territorial list of state-guaranteed social services provided to the population by social service institutions of the city of Moscow.

Law No. 34 "On social services for the population of the city of Moscow" provides for non-stationary and stationary social services for elderly citizens (women over 55 years old, men over 60 years old), and disabled people.

An agreement is concluded with citizens enrolled in non-stationary social services. Admission to stationary social services is also carried out on the basis of a citizen's application with payment for services of stationary social services. The amount of partial payment for stationary social services for citizens cannot exceed 75% of the pension established for the citizen, with the exception of disabled people and participants in the Second World War, for whom the amount of payment cannot exceed 50% of the pension. Citizens who have lost the ability to self-service and who, for health reasons, need constant extraneous care and supervision, have the right to inpatient care. Such citizens are provided with a place in rooms equipped with the necessary furniture. They are provided with clothes, linen, shoes, bedding, at least 4 meals a day. They are provided with medical and social services.

The activities of the Center are carried out in three functional areas:
- solution of general issues of social support of citizens;
- social support for families, women and children;
- social support for the elderly and the disabled.

The main tasks of the Center's activities: organization of social services; providing social assistance to families, children and citizens in difficult life situations; assistance in the implementation of their legitimate rights and interests, improvement of socio-economic living conditions.

The activities of the Center are aimed at carrying out social, health-improving, pedagogical, preventive and other activities, in connection with which, the Center carries out:

Monitoring of the social and demographic situation, the level of socio-economic well-being of citizens in the service area;

Acceptance of applications and differentiated accounting of citizens in need of social support, determining the forms of assistance they need and the frequency (permanently, temporarily, on a one-time basis) of its provision;

Provision of social, socio-pedagogical, legal, psychological, medical, household, advisory and other services to citizens, subject to the principles of targeting and succession of assistance;

Social rehabilitation of the disabled;

Providing assistance to women and children - victims of domestic violence;

Involvement of state, municipal and non-state bodies, organizations and institutions, as well as public and religious organizations (associations) in resolving issues of providing social support to the population and coordinating their activities in this direction;

Introduction into practice of new forms and methods of social services, depending on the nature of the population's need for social support and local socio-economic conditions;

Carrying out activities to improve the professional level of the Center's employees.

Providing social support for residents of the district, elderly citizens and the disabled, the Khoroshevsky CSO interacts with the Khoroshevsky District Administration, with the Social Security Administration of the Northern Administrative District, with the Khoroshevsky District Social Security Administration, with public and charitable organizations.

KCSO "Khoroshevsky" has 12 structural subdivisions for public services: 5 departments of social services at home (OSOD); department of social medical services (OSMO), day care department (ODP), emergency social service department (OSSO), department of social rehabilitation of the disabled (OSRi), department of social support for families and children (OSPSiD), which from 01.12.2008 was transformed into department of psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and children. Also, since December 2008, a new organizational and methodological department has been opened at the Center.

In accordance with the topic of the thesis research, the activities of the KCSO aimed at improving the quality of life of the elderly will be analyzed further.

The main goal of social services at home (OSOD) is to maximize the stay of citizens in their usual habitat, maintain their personal "social status", protect their rights and legitimate interests.

In 2008, among the clients of this department, 660 people were served, of which: 233 were single, 408 were living alone, including IVOV - 35 people, UVOV - 57 people; home front workers - 213 people.

Figure 2.1. Number of OSOD clients in 2008

It should be noted that in 2008, 68 people were dismissed due to the death of clients.

In the department of social services at home, the social worker provides the following services:

Purchase and home delivery of food products;

Purchase of industrial essential goods;

Payment of utility services;

Delivery of things and household items to the laundry, dry cleaning and repair;

Assistance in writing letters, statements, paperwork;

Assistance in the repair of housing;

Acquisition and delivery of medicines, calling a doctor at home, escorting to the clinic

Assistance in resolving issues of pension provision, social benefits, provision of benefits, obtaining legal advice;

Provision of moral and psychological support, assistance in the provision of funeral services.

In 2008, on the basis of this department:

One-time food assistance was received by 657 people in the amount of 259.5 thousand rubles (1 set - 395 rubles);

130 people received clothing assistance. in the amount of 78.6 thousand rubles.

Festive food packages were provided to all IVOV and UVOV on Victory Day, on the 66th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow (127 people);

Household services (hairdresser's, shoe repair, metal repairs, etc.) were provided to 82 people;

Sanitary and hygienic services were provided to 174 wards;

Apartment cleaning services were provided to 174 wards.

The department of social and medical care at home is intended for temporary (up to 6 months) or permanent social and household services and the provision of first-aid medical care at home to elderly citizens and the disabled who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and suffering from serious illnesses.

The main activities of the specialized department of social and medical care at home (OSMO) are:

Identification and accounting of families and individuals in need of medical and psychological assistance in the district;

Patronage of elderly and disabled citizens using modern methods of prevention, diagnosis, treatment;

Free provision of medical care to low-income citizens with medicines.

In addition to social workers, nurses also work in the department.

In the department of social and medical services, the nurse provides assistance:

General skilled care for bedridden patients;

Measurement of pressure, if necessary, call a doctor at home;

Providing emergency first aid, sanitary and hygienic services;

Teaching relatives of citizens served practical skills in caring for the sick.

Figure 2.2. Number of OSMO clients in 2008

This department serves 137 people, of which:

Disabled people of the 1st group - 32 people,

Disabled people of the 2nd group - 55 people,

Disabled people of the 3rd group - 1 person.

Disabled WWII - 3 people,

Participants of the Second World War - 13 people,

Home front workers - 33 people.

Thus, most of the clients of this department are disabled.

It should be noted that by the end of 2008, 14 people were removed from service due to death.

One-time grocery assistance was received by 90 clients of this department, clothing assistance - by 12 people. Participants of the Second World War and home front workers (16 people in total) received holiday orders for Victory Day.

Household services in 2008 were provided to 16 wards.

Every year, the staff of the Center examines the material and living conditions of older citizens in order to provide them with the necessary assistance. Thus, in 2008 the material and living conditions of 1559 veterans were examined.

Due to the fact that social work began primarily as assistance to lonely elderly people, patronage still occupies one of the main places in the social service of lonely elderly people and disabled people who are at home, deprived of help from relatives, and also unable to or incapable of mobility and self-care. Patronage is an alternative to placing a client in stationary social or medical institutions, as they retain their familiar home environment, some independence.

In most cases, lonely elderly people have a negative attitude towards being placed in a hospital. Therefore, social care at home remains a more acceptable form for the elderly and elderly citizens. The Center's social workers strive to identify such people in need and increase the range of services provided.

The emergency social service department (OSSO) is intended primarily to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of citizens in dire need of social support.

In the department of emergency social services, urgent care of a one-time nature to citizens in need of support:

Providing food;

Provision of clothing and footwear;

Providing financial assistance.

For citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation, the department provides the services of a lawyer, psychologist, and social work specialists.

In 2008, 5,127 people were served through OSSO, including 932 pensioners, 3,997 people with disabilities, and 198 people in other categories.

Budget funds were allocated - 1,187,592 rubles, of which 803,309 rubles were for free food, 384,283 rubles were for clothing assistance, 1,700 people received the usual range of products in the amount of 593,594 rubles. and 531 - diabetic assortment in the amount of 209,745 rubles. Clothing assistance was received by 375 people in the amount of 456,202 rubles.

2,410 people received coupons for preferential household services and free household services: a hairdressing salon of the CSO - 1,181; coupons for shoe repair - 374; - 38 people.

212 pensioners received psychological assistance, 191 people received legal assistance. It should be noted that the pensioners turned to the psychologist mainly on the problem of relationships with children, grandchildren, relatives; loneliness and misunderstanding. Legal assistance consisted in assisting in the execution of wills, inheritances; advice and registration of various pension benefits.

The main task of the day care unit (DST) is to ensure communication between older people, their active lifestyle, and the adaptation of life activities in their “own” environment.

As a type of semi-residential social service, the CDP includes social, medical and cultural services for the elderly, the organization of their meals and recreation.

In the department of day care (ODP) are organized:

hot food,

Medical service,

cultural leisure,

Meetings with district leaders

Meeting interesting people

Bus and walking tours,

Visiting theaters, cinemas,

Concert program.

30 people are served monthly in the department. A total of 362 people visited the RDP in 2008, including 9 people from the IVOV, 28 from the UVOV, and 117 from veterans and home front workers.

The Center concluded an agreement for the preparation and delivery of hot meals with CJSC PROPICOM, the cost of meals per year was 612,000 rubles.

Since the 1st quarter of 2009, a hot lunch distribution point has been organized in the Center for lonely and lonely living elderly citizens.

There is a medical office in the ODP, where it turns out first aid. In 2008, 374 people received the help of a nurse, the number of visits to the medical office was 1327.

In 2008, the day care department held 436 cultural events, in which 9048 people took part. Including 64 concerts were held, which were attended by 3071 people. Both amateur artists and professional groups took part in the concerts.

6 excursions were held, the most memorable of which, according to the reviews of the wards, were excursions to the Novodevichy, St. Danilov, Novo-Spassky, Nikolo-Ugreshsky monasteries; tour of Zamoskvorechye with a visit to the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent. A total of 240 people took part in the tours.

As part of lecture courses on the history of Russia, the work of poets and writers, folk medicine, and social issues, 69 lectures were held for 2055 people. Lectures were conducted by RUSZN specialists, CSO specialists, amateur lecturers from among the wards. It should be noted that attracting the Center's clients to conduct lectures makes it possible to effectively use the potential of older citizens.

In the ODP for the wards, such cultural events were held as the “Hour of Poetry” (31 events were attended by 939 people), performances by dance groups (13 concerts were attended by 407 people), exhibitions of works by wards (21 exhibitions were attended by 818 people), meetings with amateur poets and performers.

In the daytime department, exhibitions of paintings by Gorlov's art studio, an exhibition of paintings by the artist Zotov dedicated to the 85th birthday, an exhibition of watercolors by Evpak V.M. There were exhibitions of works by wards, book exhibitions for holidays (21 exhibitions were held, which were attended by 818 people). Video films were screened (10 screenings were attended by 262 people).

Every month, the department holds a "Birthday" for those who celebrated their birthday in the month of visiting and also invited anniversaries, centenarians of the region (90, 95 and 100 years old). At such events, the employees of the UDP give small sweet gifts, and the amateur art group arranged a concert. The director of the Center personally congratulates the anniversaries. A representative of the District Administration and RUSZN is always present at the events.

For those wishing to visit the museum and theaters of Moscow, 210 cultural trips were organized for 1216 people.

There are 3 circles in the department: amateur art, poetry lovers and chess.

With the financial support of the Khoroshevsky District Administration and the Municipality, the councils of veterans of the district held a tea party at the Center for holidays: the blockade of Leningrad, the 20th anniversary of the society of the disabled, a tea party for the City Day, the 67th anniversary of the defense of Moscow.

In 2008, close cooperation with the charitable foundations "Emergency Social Assistance", NGO Charitable Foundation "Food for Life", the party "United Russia" helped the staff of the UDP in holding various events for the wards.

During 2008, the charitable foundation "Emergency Social Assistance" provided an opportunity to receive hot meals to low-income citizens of the region - 5080 people received hot meals in the EDP.

In 2008, 3,102 people applied to the Department of Social Rehabilitation of the Disabled, who received 31,619 rehabilitation services. 15 people were accepted for training at the “School of Health”, 62 people underwent rehabilitation for the first time, 52 people repeated. The main course of rehabilitation includes: examination by a doctor, computer diagnostics of PM-KOR, exercise therapy, exercise equipment, aromatherapy, herbal medicine, BOSS - breathing, auto-training, etc.

A positive effect on the emotional sphere is provided by a cozy atmosphere, the goodwill of the department's employees, as well as the opportunity to receive medical assistance at any time, to engage in physiotherapy exercises.

In conclusion of this paragraph, we can draw the following conclusion that in KCSO "Khoroshevsky" socio-psychological support for an elderly person is carried out using the methods of advisory, developmental and corrective work. All directions and types of work of the Center are significant and effectively solve many problems of their clients.

2.2. Innovative technologies of social work with citizens on the example of KCSO "Khoroshevsky"

The task of the KCSO is not only to create conditions for a decent life for older citizens, but also to establish harmonious relations with the social environment, expand the possibility of social communication and social activity of older citizens. Under these conditions, the activities of the Center are focused on using their own reserve capabilities of clients, who today are more educated, with increased spiritual needs, who want to realize the preserved intellectual and social potential of citizens. Therefore, the pedagogical component is of particular importance in social work with the elderly, which consists in the formation of a new social experience, positive motivation and activation of the potential of the individual in solving their own problems. Systematic solution of the above problems is possible through the introduction into practice of innovative technologies of social services, effective forms and methods of comprehensive social and pedagogical support and assistance to older people, contributing to their positive socialization and adaptation to a new social role.

Numerous studies in many countries have shown that an active lifestyle, and especially work, nutrition, social conditions, and hereditary factors, contribute to the achievement of extreme old age.

Of particular importance in the Khoroshevsky Center is the medical and social rehabilitation of the elderly and disabled, since most of the clients are disabled. The most acute problem is the restriction of the life of the elderly and the disabled. Life restriction is understood as a complete or partial lack of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-service, movement, orientation, communication, control over their behavior, and also engage in vigorous activity.

In solving this problem, not only traditional technologies, but also innovative ones are of paramount importance.

The social and rehabilitation department of the Center works like a sanatorium-dispensary, carries out rehabilitation, adaptation, health-improving, valeological, treatment-and-prophylactic, socio-cultural, educational, educational and leisure activities for elderly citizens for 6 months in stationary conditions.

In the Department of Social Rehabilitation of the Disabled, two new forms of work have been developed and are being implemented since the beginning of 2009: art therapy and articular gymnastics according to the method of Dr. M.S. Norbekov.

The main objective of the program “Articular gymnastics according to the method of M.S. Norbekov" is through physical exercises to restore balance in the work of organs and systems of the body of an elderly person.

The purpose of gymnastics is to correct the deformity, stabilize the already formed one and create conditions for compensating for impaired functions of the spine and joints. The average elderly person is primarily physically weak. Posture and gait distinguish him in the crowd. To maintain the muscles in the norm, they must be fully loaded. It should be noted that this program has become very popular among the clients of the Center, despite the fact that it began to operate quite recently.

Classes are held once a week in a group of 10 people, a course of up to 12 lessons. Classes are conducted by a doctor and exercise therapy instructor.

During the 1st quarter of 2009, 120 persons belonging to the category of invalids and pensioners took this course. Number of implemented activities for the 1st quarter of 2009 - 13.

This technology has a greater impact on the physical activity of the elderly, the disabled.

One of the acute problems of an elderly person, disabled people, requiring the use of innovative social technologies, is loneliness.

Under the influence of psychological and social traumas, the possibility of manifestation of the communicative competence of an elderly person is blocked. Blocking violates the manifestation of the subjectivity of the individual in communication, leads to deformation of the relationship of an elderly person with other people, frustration. Elimination of destruction can be provided by complex social therapy, synthesizing all three main levels of communication:

interpersonal,

Personal-group,

Personal and social.

For this, it is necessary that the psyche of an elderly person enter the mode of reflexive functioning. The transition to this mode is provided:

Intensification of efforts (which allows mobilizing the reserve capabilities of a person);

Replacing the means to achieve the goal (reassessment and selection of more acceptable ones);

Replacing the goals themselves;

Reassessment of the whole situation (intensification of efforts, use of new means to achieve goals and form a new look at the situation, at one's personal attitude towards it, which leads to reassessment).

This innovative technology works if the mechanism of reflection is activated, but its input requires affective discharge - catharsis. The method that forms the catharsis of the personality through the improvisational interaction of the personality with the group is art therapy.

Art therapy - Japanese technology of drawing with ink and paints on sumie paper on an individually selected topic set by a psychologist. Classes are held 2 times a week in groups of 4-5 people. The general course consists of 12 lessons. There are 48 lessons in total.

The purpose and functions of the methodology: restoring mental balance, increasing self-esteem and stimulating personal growth, giving a general positive direction and comfort in communication, erasing everyday negative emotions.

Art therapy is used within the framework of humanistic psychology and serves as a way of liberation from conflicts and strong feelings, disciplines, develops attention, is in a safe way voltage discharge. The technique allows you to look into the inner world of a person, reflect his state of mind, harmonize and express it on paper.

In the first quarter of 2009, 19 disabled people were involved in this program. Number of events for the 1st quarter of 2009 - 25.

It should be noted that these programs are carried out without the involvement of third-party organizations.

For more than a year, since February 2008, a new program has been operating at the Center - the Social Support Fund "Emergency Social Assistance" - nutrition for low-income citizens.

For its implementation, the Center organized hot meals 3 times a week for low-income residents of the district. Meals are delivered 3 times a week (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday).

In 2008, 5,080 low-income pensioners and disabled people were provided with hot meals.

During the 1st quarter of 2009, 1,360 people were provided with hot meals.

Thus, along with the provision of traditional forms of social security to senior citizens and the disabled: cash payments (pensions, allowances); natural security; services and benefits; stationary and non-stationary types of services, the Center attaches great importance to new forms of emergency social assistance to disabled, acutely needy elderly people.

In the conditions of the crisis situation in Russia, targeted social protection of the elderly is essential, which is provided primarily to those most in need: lonely pensioners, the disabled, the elderly over 80 years old.

In order to provide shoes, clothes, food and other essentials, a natural aid room has been created in the emergency social service department of the Center, where clothes, shoes, and household items of former use are placed. This type of assistance is provided through support from the population, charitable organizations. Priority in the provision of assistance is given to the disabled in need; single pensioners; pensioners whose incomes are lower living wage. Therefore, the specialists of the Center decide with special attention who needs help in the first place.

The management of the Center manages to effectively combine traditional and innovative technologies in working with senior citizens and the disabled. For example, in the previous paragraph it was said that lectures, along with the staff of the Center and invited experts, are conducted by amateur lecturers - from among the wards. Amateur lecturers of the Center are elderly people who are weighed down by various physical ailments, so they independently searched for various non-traditional, folk remedies. In this case, the mental and creative potential of older people is used, in addition, older citizens feel their usefulness to society. It is especially important that the lectures of the wards are commented by the specialists of the Center, which allows avoiding mistakes and various prejudices, which are often attributed to traditional medicine.

The introduction of innovations in work with the elderly, people with disabilities is justified if it serves to achieve specific priority goals. The use of innovative technologies contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as:

Respect for the rights and provision of safe conditions for older people;

Improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services.

The criterion for improving the quality of life of modern elderly people in the Khoroshevsky KCSO should be the socio-psychological well-being of an elderly person, the improvement of which is influenced by the satisfaction of older people in social services, improved health, improved quality of life, satisfaction of an elderly person's need for self-determination, self-realization, self-actualization . Therefore, within the framework of the graduation research, a survey was conducted among the clients of KCSO Khoroshevsky.

For the questionnaire survey, 40 elderly people were selected, of which 25 were women and 15 were men. The age limits of the sample are 60-69 years. It should be emphasized that the survey involved elderly people who periodically visit the day care department. The full text of the questionnaire is presented in the appendix. The results of the questionnaire are presented in the form of diagrams for the convenience of analysis.

All respondents answered positively to the first question of the questionnaire “Do you like to visit KCSO “Khoroshevsky”?”.

Figure 2.3 shows the respondents' answers to the question about the main reasons for visiting the Center.

Figure 2.3. The main reasons for visiting the Center by older people.

Among the main reasons, the clients of the Center chose the desire to communicate (14 people), the opportunity to improve their health (12 people), the desire to spend useful leisure time (8 people).

It is interesting to note that none of the Center's clients chose the reason for unsatisfactory material security. The opportunity to get a hot lunch was chosen by one respondent as the main reason.

In addition, the elderly people supplemented the answers of the questionnaire with their own answers. So, 3 people chose the opportunity to be in good shape as the main reason for visiting the Center; 1 person noted that visiting the Center disciplines; 1 person wrote that this is an opportunity to fill life with new meaning.

Health self-assessment responses of elderly clients are shown in the diagram in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4. Self-assessment of the health of the clients of the Center for the elderly.

The answers on self-assessment of the health of older citizens with a positive and negative connotation are approximately equal. In general, satisfactory self-esteem prevails (16 people). 2 people noted the excellent state of health, 2 more - as good. The remaining 20 people described their health as poor or very poor.

It is important to note the relationship between respondents' answers to this question and the previous one. Despite the fact that older people give an unsatisfactory self-assessment of health, the reason for visiting the Center in order to improve health is noted by only 12 people.

Figure 2.5 shows the respondents' answers about their financial situation.

Figure 2.5. Self-assessment of the financial situation of the clients of the Center for the elderly.

12 people rated their financial situation as bad, 10 - as satisfactory, 8 - very bad, 8 more - good, 2 people noted an excellent financial situation. It should be emphasized that, despite the unsatisfactory financial situation (20 people), none of the Center's clients chose the improvement of their financial situation as the main reason for visiting. Apparently, awareness of their low financial situation, unsatisfactory state of health, allows older people not to go in cycles in their problems. It is likely that the provision of social services by KCSO Khoroshevskoye to elderly citizens contributes to filling the life with a positive meaning for their wards. This is also confirmed by the respondents' answers to the question "How do you generally assess the work of the Khoroshevsky Center?" (Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6. Evaluation of the work of the Center by older people.

Figure 2.6 shows that a positive assessment of the work of the Center prevails to a greater extent. So 17 people rated his activity as "excellent", 14 gave a rating of "Good", 4 - "satisfactory", 4 - "bad", 1 - "very bad". It is impossible to fully satisfy the needs of all clients, but the employees of the Center must strive for this. It should be noted here that the Center's staffing level is 66%. According to the staff list, 179 people are supposed, but actually 132 people work, including social workers - 78 people, nurses - 15 people. Basically, there is a shortage of specialists and heads of departments in the Center. This is due to the increasing volume of documentation and increased requirements for the performance of their duties. The management of the Center pays special attention and control to the work of social workers, which is confirmed by the systematic and purposeful organization of methodological studies and seminars. There is no turnover of social workers in the Center.

Returning to the answers of the questionnaire survey of senior citizens, it was found that the majority of respondents note that the Center's employees generally take into account the opinion of senior citizens when providing social services (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7. Accounting for the opinion of older citizens in the provision of employees of the Center for Social Services.

From the diagram in Figure 2.7 it can be seen that 16 people believe that the employees of the Center always take into account their opinion in the provision of social services, 15 people answered - “in most cases”. At the same time, 7 people answered that in half the cases in the provision of services, the Center's employees take into account their opinion, 2 people answered that they take it into account occasionally, and 2 more answered that they do not take it into account at all. The survey was conducted in an anonymous form, however, therefore, it was not possible to clarify the details, therefore the management and employees of the Center must be attentive to all clients. From the analysis of special literature, it was found that among the employees of the CSO there is such an erroneous opinion that you cannot please all clients, especially the elderly, who are more touchy, constantly show discontent, etc. Indeed, among older clients there are different people in character; often diseases leave their mark on the negative perception of others. Therefore, CSO employees cannot ignore such clients, at the same time they cannot fawn, they need an adequate response, professional ability to understand their problems. Any negative manifestation on the part of the client indicates his maladaptation, or indeed, there is a failure to perform social services in the proper form, taking into account a differentiated approach. Therefore, the employees of the Center need to monitor the effectiveness of their work, as well as timely carry out a set of measures aimed at successful social and psychological adaptation of all clients. The fact that not all elderly clients of KCSO "Khoroshevsky" are adapted, socialized to new living conditions is evidenced by the results of answers to the question "How is your life now, if we talk about it as a whole?" (Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8. Evaluation of their lives is currently a client of the Center for the elderly.

It is noteworthy that 6 people answered “it is impossible to endure any more”, 9 people - “badly”. Therefore, the management and employees of the Center need to provide effective assistance to these clients, especially since these are people who periodically visit the Center and all answered that they like to visit it. The remaining 16 people assessed their lives as good and 9 people as satisfactory.

The diagram in Figure 2.9 shows the respondents' answers to the question "What do you think brings the most satisfaction in life to a person of your age?"

Figure 2.9. Satisfaction in the life of the elderly.

Among the answers of the surveyed older people, the leading answer is “the feeling that you are useful” (12 people). Thus, for people of any age, the need for self-realization, to be useful, is relevant. It was previously noted that the clients of the Center are elderly people, in most cases with disabilities, but this does not in the least affect the need to be needed. In this connection, the management and employees of the Center apply innovative technologies with elderly citizens. Only 2 people consider calm rest to be the main thing in old age. Interesting leisure activities are considered important by 7 people. For the rest of the interviewed older people, the following are important: independence from other people (5 people); respect and care of others (4 people); family, children, grandchildren (4 people); the ability to continue working (2 people); participation in public work (2 people); material security (2 people).

If we analyze the nature of the answers, then basically they are of an active nature, except for a quiet rest and material security. Despite the fact that only 12 people chose the answer “feeling that you are useful”, the rest of the answers, as an opportunity to continue working, to be with children and grandchildren, etc. suggest the possibility of self-realization in old age.

Answers of the surveyed older people to the question "In what areas of knowledge would you like to learn something new?" are shown in the diagram in Figure 2.10. Despite the fact that the Center systematically organizes lectures on improving health and medicine, for the interviewed elderly clients, the need for knowledge in the field of medicine is urgent (14 people). The need for knowledge from other areas was distributed as follows:

Healthy lifestyle - 5 people;

Crop production - 5 people;

Therapeutic physical education - 4 people;

New information technologies (computer) - 4 persons;

Household farm - 3 people;

Jurisprudence (legal knowledge) - 3 people;

Art - 1 person;

Construction - 1 person.

Figure 2.10. The need of older people for knowledge from various fields.

It should be noted that when planning and developing lecture cycles, the opinions and needs of all clients of the Center should be taken into account, which ensures a differentiated approach to the provision of social services to elderly citizens.

CONCLUSIONS ON THE SECOND CHAPTER

1. In its practical activities, KCSO Khoroshevsky, despite the lack of specialists (staffing is 66%), successfully combines the use of traditional and innovative technologies to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

2. Rehabilitation of elderly citizens in KCSO "Khoroshevsky" is carried out using the following types of technologies: socio-pedagogical, educational, socio-cultural, social adaptation, socio-psychological, health-improving and valeological. Socio-psychological support for an elderly person is carried out using the methods of consultative, developmental and corrective work.

3. Among the innovative technologies KCSO "Khoroshevsky" uses such technologies as emergency social assistance to the disabled, socio-cultural rehabilitation, art therapy, the use of modern progressive physical culture and health-improving methods, the involvement of older people in the organization of self-help and mutual assistance (amateur lecturers).

4. In its activities, KCSO "Khoroshevsky" focuses more on the social rehabilitation of disabled people, because they are the main clients of the Center.

5. Using various technologies, the management and employees of KCSO "Khoroshevsky" need to identify the degree of satisfaction of older people with social services in order to differentiate the approach to the provision of services. Any technology of social work cannot be implemented without taking into account the characteristics of clients, their condition, resources and motives.

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CONCLUSION

Social work with the elderly in Russia is currently a specific form of state social protection in order to ensure a decent old age.

The purpose of the diploma research was to study the role of the social service center in solving modern social problems of elderly citizens.

The hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the study that the solution of modern social problems of elderly citizens will be carried out more effectively when applying the innovative technologies of social work by the KCSO was confirmed as a result of a theoretical and empirical study of the presented thesis.

Social work with the elderly is currently based not only on the ideology of providing benefits and privileges, but also on humanistic, democratic ideas about the free personality of an elderly person who has a number of rights (economic, social, cultural), which are enshrined in the legal documents of the Russian Federation .

Based on the humanistic orientation of social work, at present, older people are not patients of social services, but clients, endowed with an equal volume and list of rights in relation to their nation, gender, language, religion, beliefs, and views. The priority direction of social work with the elderly is the organization of their environment in such a way that an elderly person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment.

Improving the quality of life of older people involves a comprehensive approach to solving the main social problems inherent in old age, which include low income, poor health, lack of competitiveness in the labor market, increased lack of demand in the family and society, a sharp decline in social activity, loneliness.

A large role in improving the quality of life of today's elderly belongs to social service centers. This thesis study was conducted on the basis of KCSO "Khoroshevsky" SAO of Moscow. The main clients of this Center are elderly people with disabilities, so the rehabilitation direction is a priority.

Rehabilitation of elderly citizens in KCSO "Khoroshevsky" is carried out using the following technologies such as socio-pedagogical, educational, socio-cultural, social-adaptive, socio-psychological, health-improving and valeological. Socio-psychological support for an elderly person is carried out using the methods of consultative, developmental and corrective work. A positive impact on the emotional sphere is provided by the cozy atmosphere of the Center, the goodwill of the employees, as well as the opportunity to receive medical assistance at any time, to engage in physiotherapy exercises.

KCSO "Khoroshevsky" successfully combines the use of traditional and innovative technologies in its work to improve the quality of life of the elderly, which allows it to effectively solve the problems of its clients. Among the innovative technologies, emergency social assistance to the disabled, sociocultural rehabilitation, art therapy, the use of modern progressive physical culture and health-improving methods, and the involvement of older people in the organization of self-help and mutual assistance are successfully used.

The application of innovative technologies contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as ensuring the rights and ensuring a safe environment for older people, as well as improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services.

It should be emphasized that the CSO "Khoroshevsky" was relatively recently, in December 2008, renamed the State Budgetary Institution of the City of Moscow "Complex Center for Social Services" Khoroshevsky ", so the staff is only 66% staffed. However, this fact should not negatively affect the clients of the Center. Analyzing the successful work experience in the application of innovative technologies, the management of KCSO "Khoroshevsky" was recommended to systematically study the degree of satisfaction of older people with social services in order to differentiate the approach of social work. The introduction of any technology of social work should take into account the characteristics of clients, their condition, resources and needs and motives.

The criterion for improving the quality of life of modern elderly people should be the socio-psychological well-being of an elderly person, the improvement of which is influenced by the satisfaction of older people in social services, improved health, improved quality of life, satisfaction of an elderly person's need for self-determination, self-realization, self-actualization.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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38. Social work for the elderly: professionalism, partnership, responsibility. Materials of the All-Russian Congress of Social Workers. - Saratov, 2003.

39. Social work: an introduction to professional activities: Textbook / Ed. A.A. Kozlov. - M.: KNORUS, 2005. - 368 p.

40. Dictionary-reference book on social work / ed. prof. E.I. Single. – M.: Infra-M, 2004. – 417 p.

41. Technology of social work: textbook. allowance / ed. I.G. Zainyshev. - M.: VLADOS, 2006. - 457 p.

42. Technologies of social work: Textbook under the general. ed. prof. E.I. Single. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 400s.

43. Topchiy L.V. Actual problems of development of the theory of social work. -M.: VLADOS, 2007.- 218 p.

44. Firsov M.V., E.G. Studenova. Theory of social work: Proc. allowance for students of higher educational institutions. - M.: Infra-M, 2007.- 422 p.

45. Kholostova E.I. Social work with the elderly: a textbook. – M.: Dashkov i K, 2006. – 296p.

46. Kholostova E.I., Dementieva N.F. Social rehabilitation: Textbook. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2005. -340s.

47. Shapiro V.D. Retired person. - M.: Infra-M, 2005.- 213 p.

48. Shchanina, E. V. Ways to activate the social behavior of pensioners // Collection of articles of the III All-Russian Sociological Congress. - M., 2006.- S. 110-114.

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Periodicals

51. Alenikova S. M. Methods for assessing the degree of need of citizens in social services at home // Social services. 2004. No. 1.

52. Bondareva T.V. Preparing students for social work with the elderly // Higher education in Russia. - 2006. - No. 11. - p.23-25.

53. Bychkunov A. E. To the question of the use of social technologies in overcoming disorganization in society // Sociological research. 2008. No. 6. - S. 43-50.

54. Eremeeva, T.S. Continuous professional training of future specialists in social work // Higher education today. -2007. - No. 7. - P.45-47.

55. Karyukhin E.V., Panov A.V. Experience in organizing legal support for the elderly in the context of public organizations // Psychology of maturity and aging. - 2003. No. 3. - P.65-71.

56. Karyukhin E.V. Population aging: demographic indicators // Clinical Gerontology. 2007. No. 1.

57. Krasnova O.V. Elderly people in Russia // Psychology of maturity and aging. - 2006. -№3. - P.5-16.

58. Kuleshov A. Problems of analytical research in the social sphere // Sotsis. 2008. No. 5. - S. 112-115.

59. Molevich E. F. To the analysis of essence and form social old age// Socis. -2006. - No. 4. - S. 62-65.

61. Philozop A.A. Some aspects of psychosocial assistance to the elderly and old people // Psychology of maturity and aging. - 2008. - No. 3. - P.34-39.

62. Yurkovsky E. Additional funds were not needed // Social security. 2005. No. 10.

63. Yuryev E. Low birth rate is not a sign of civilization // Social and demographic policy. - 2006. -№ 9. -S. 4-5.

64. Yanovsky G.D. Modern problems of the quality of life of elderly citizens of Russia // Advances in Gerontology. - 2008. Issue 17. - P. 59-71.

APPENDIX

Questionnaire

Dear citizen! We ask you to take part in a questionnaire survey aimed at studying some aspects of the life of older people.

We invite you to answer 19 questions of the questionnaire.

Your sincere answers are needed in order to improve the quality of social services of KCSO Khoroshevsky.

Thank you in advance for your sincerity and kind participation in the survey!

1. Do you like visiting KCSO "Khoroshevsky"?

Difficult to answer

2. What are the main reasons why you visit the Centre?

Desire to communicate

Possibility to have a hot lunch

Opportunity to improve health

Desire to spend useful leisure time

Unsatisfactory material security

Other ________________________________________________

3. How do you rate your state of health?

Excellent

Satisfactory

Very bad

4. How do you assess your state of health?

Excellent

Satisfactory

Very bad

5. How is your life now, if we talk about it as a whole?

Satisfactorily

It's just not possible to endure any longer.

6. What do you think brings the most satisfaction in life to a person of your age?

material security

Calm rest

Interesting varied leisure

Independence from other people

Ability to keep working

The feeling that you are helping people

Respect and concern for others

Family, children, grandchildren

Participation in community work

Other_____________________________________________

7. In your opinion, to what extent do the Center's employees take into account the opinion of older citizens when providing social services?

Doesn't take into account at all

Taken into account occasionally

In about half of the cases

In most cases

Always consider

8. How do you assess the work of the Khoroshevsky Center in general?

Satisfactorily

Very bad

Other_________________________________________________

9. In what areas of knowledge would you like to learn something new?

Jurisprudence (legal knowledge)

The medicine

Physiotherapy

Art

Linguistics (foreign language)

New information technologies (computer)

Construction

crop production

household farm

Healthy lifestyle

Other _________________________________________________

Please specify:

Your gender ______________

Age _______________

Yanovsky G.D. Modern problems of the quality of life of elderly citizens of Russia // Advances in Gerontology. - 2008. Issue 17. - P. 59).

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Kholostova E.I. Social work with the elderly: a textbook. – M.: Dashkov i K, 2007. – 296s.

Bocharova V.G. Continuous training of social workers in work with the elderly // Higher education today. - 2007. - № 2. - P.12-15., Mukhametzyanova G.V. Personal characteristics of social educators working with the elderly // Russian Journal of Social Work. - 2007. - No. 3. - P.21-25., Pavlenok P.D. Theory and practice of social work. - M.: Triada, 2005. - 373 p. Panov A.M. Preparing students for social work // Higher education today. - 2007. - No. 2. - P. 15-21., Topchiy L.V. Theory and practice of social work. - M.: VLADOS, 2006.- 256 p., Tregubova T.M. International social services: a variety of models and actions. - Kazan: Institute of middle prof. obrazov., RAO, 2008.- 195 p., Kholostova E.I. Technologies of social work. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007. - 400s., Shmeleva N.B. Formation and development of the personality of a social worker as a professional. - M .: Academic project, 2008, 196 p., Yatsemirskaya R.S. Social gerontology.- M.: Academic project, 2006.- 320 p.

Arnoldov A.I. Living world of social pedagogy. - M.: Sotsium, 2006. - 136 p., Basov N.F. History of social pedagogy. - M.: Academy, 2007. - 253 p., Belicheva S.A. Experience of social work in the EU countries. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 357 p., Bocharova V.G., Guslyakova L.G. Social education in Russia of the XXI century.- M.: Gardariki, 2008.- 267 p., Lipsky I.A. Social pedagogy: methodological analysis. - M.: Academic project, 2008. - 264 p., Maslennikova V.Sh., Mukhametzyanova G.V. Modern problems of social work in Russia // Materials of the international scientific-practical conference.- Kazan: Fatherland, 2006.- P. 25-32, Nikitin V.A. Problems of training social workers in modern conditions // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. - Kazan: Fatherland, 2006. - P. 45-49, Tregubova T.M. Applied aspects in working with the elderly // Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference.- Kazan: Fatherland, 2006.- P. 121-127., Fokin V.A., Fokin I.V. Psychology of social work in work with the elderly. - M .: Academy, 2007. - 223 p., Kholostova E.I. Social rehabilitation. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2007. -340s., Shapiro V.D. Retired person. - M.: Infra-M, 2005.- 213 p., Firsov M.V., Shapiro B.Yu. Psychology of social work: content and methods of psychosocial practice. - M .: Pedagogy, 2006. - 192 p., Yarkina T.F. Psychology of a person in old age. - M .: Sotsium, 2006. - 177 p.

Romashina E.V. Moral and ethical problems of social work in the professional training of future specialists // Social and pedagogical activity: questions of theory and practice. Scientific and pedagogical readings.- M.: MGSU, 2007.- P. 26). Kuleshov A. link and issue

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.1 Definition of the concept of an elderly person and his social status in modern society

1.2 Main areas of social work with older people

Chapter 2

2.1 Regulatory framework for social services for the elderly

2.2 Analysis of the work and evaluation of the effectiveness of the department of social services at home No. 3 of the city of Babushkin, Kabansky district

2.3 Ways to improve the activities of the department of social services at home No. 3 of the city of Babushkin, Kabansky district

Conclusion

List of used literature

Appendix

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. Social work today plays a significant role in the social protection of older citizens, since it is aimed at meeting the basic needs of the population.

The organization of social work for older citizens is becoming increasingly important in our country every year, it is seen as an essential addition to cash payments, which significantly increases the efficiency of the entire state social security system. Social policy in relation to the elderly, its scope, direction and content throughout the history of the country were influenced and determined by the socio-economic and specific socio-political tasks facing society at one stage or another of its development. The allocation in the general structure of social policy of a special direction - social work relating to the well-being and health of older citizens, is due to rather specific conditions and lifestyle, the characteristics of their needs, as well as the level of development of society as a whole, its culture.

The social work system covers a wide range of services, in particular, medical care, maintenance and care in boarding schools, home care for those in need of outside care, housing and communal services, leisure activities, etc. In the field of social work, the possibility of exercising the right to receive it often depends on the decision of the competent authority, since a number of social services provided in this area are still among the scarce, not guaranteed to absolutely every elderly and disabled person. This, in particular, is evidenced by the excess of the number of those in need of services with placement in boarding schools compared with total number places in these institutions; in social assistance at home and the possibilities of this service, etc.

The social work of elderly and disabled citizens should be focused on ensuring the availability of basic social services and guarantees for older citizens, regardless of their place of residence.

The degree of scientific development. The problems of social work of senior citizens are currently the focus of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for senior citizens. Studies of the interests of older citizens, the problems of their social services, the problem of social work are considered in the works of E.I. Kholostova, N.F. Dementieva, E.V. Ustinova. Disclosed topics such as: the problems of the elderly, the system of social service institutions. The factors of aging, termination of labor activity, narrowing of the usual circle of communication, etc., adaptation to new external conditions, decrease in intellectual abilities, were considered in the works of M.D. Alexandrova, L.I. Antsiferova, N.N. Sachuk, N.P. Petrova and others. Despite the relatively large number of published works in general on working with older citizens and on their social services, many issues of the topic are important in scientific and practical relations, are not disclosed properly.

Older people, due to their poor health, low income, loneliness and lack of information, rarely seek help from social services, and often do not know where to turn.

Older people often lose their orientation in the modern socio-cultural space, their social contacts are difficult, a significant part of older people find themselves “getting used” to their isolated position in society, which has negative consequences for the elderly themselves and for their social environment.

Object of study are senior citizens.

Subject of research is the social work of the elderly.

Purpose of the study: to study the organization of social work of elderly citizens in the town of Babushkin, Kabansky district and develop ways to improve the activities of the department of social services at home No. 3.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set:

to study the theoretical foundations of the study of social work with the elderly;

consider the definition of the concept of an elderly person and his social status in modern society;

identify the main areas of social work with older people;

to analyze the features of social work with the elderly on the example of the city of Babushkin, Kabansky district of the Republic of Belarus;

to analyze the work and evaluate the effectiveness of the department of social services at home No. 3 in Babushkin, Kabansky district;

to develop ways to improve the activities of the department of social services at home No. 3 in Babushkin, Kabansky district.

The structure of the thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references, as well as appendices.

Chapter 1

1.1 Definition of the concept of an elderly person and his social status in modern society

The data cited by various researchers indicate that population aging is the most characteristic demographic phenomenon of the modern era and is due to a complex set of factors, including the characteristics of population reproduction, the intensity and direction of population migration, and the sanitary and demographic consequences of wars.

Aging is a natural, general biological process, observed throughout the material world. Many laws of aging are common to both physical and biological objects. It would not be correct to represent the aging process as a simple accumulation of fatigue, wear, etc., because biological objects, incl. a person, the process of self-healing is characteristic - new elements come to replace the lost elements and functions.

Therefore, aging can be represented as a process of irreversible structural changes in the body, accompanied by a gradual decrease in human functions, disrupting the adaptation of a person to his environment.

A change in the social status of a person in old age, caused primarily by the cessation or restriction of labor activity, the transformation of value orientations, the very way of life and communication, as well as the emergence of various difficulties in both social and psychological adaptation to new conditions, dictates the need to develop and implementation of specific approaches, forms and methods of social work with the elderly.

The growing trend in the number of older people requires a radical change in social policy in relation to this, the most socially unprotected category of society.

In the organization of social work with the elderly, it is necessary to take into account all the specifics of their social status, not only in general, but also of each person individually, their needs, needs, biological and social capabilities, certain regional and other features of life.

It should be noted that scientists and practitioners approached the problem of old age and its definition from different points of view - biological, physiological, psychological, functional, chronological, sociological and others. And hence the specifics of solving problems of social and social status, roles and places in the family, and the organization of social security and services, social rehabilitation, social guardianship of the elderly, and so on. We must not forget that the process of aging in certain groups of the population and individuals occurs far from the same.

Thus, when characterizing the category of older people as a social category, or rather, as a socio-demographic one, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics within the same group of people.

Practice shows that the elderly are very different people. Among them there are healthy and sick; living in families and single; satisfied with retirement and life and unhappy, despairing of life; inactive stay-at-homes and cheerful, optimistic people involved in sports, leading an active lifestyle, and so on.

Therefore, in order to successfully work with older people, a social worker needs to know their socio-economic situation, character traits, material and spiritual needs, health status, and be well aware of the achievements of science and practice in this direction. A change in the social status of a person in old age, as practice shows, first of all negatively affects his moral and financial situation, negatively affects his mental state, reduces his resistance to diseases and adaptation to environmental changes.

With the transition to the category of elderly pensioners, not only the relationship between a person and society, but also such value orientations as the meaning of life, happiness, good and evil, and others often change radically. The lifestyle itself, the daily routine, goals and objectives, the circle of contacts are also changing.

With age, the value hierarchy of self-assessments changes. Older people pay less attention to their appearance, but more to their internal and physical condition. The time perspective of older people is changing. Going into the past is typical only for deep old people, the rest think and talk more about the future. In the mind of an elderly person, the near future begins to prevail over the distant one, and personal life prospects become shorter. Closer to old age, time seems to flow more quickly, but less filled with various events. At the same time, people who actively participate in life pay more attention to the future, while those who are passive - to the past. The former, therefore, are more optimistic and have more faith in the future.

But age is still age. Old age brings with it a change in the usual living standards, and illness, and difficult emotional experiences. Elderly people are on the sidelines of life. We are talking not only and not so much about material difficulties (although they also play a significant role), but about difficulties of a psychological nature. Retirement, loss of loved ones and friends, illness, narrowing of the circle of contacts and areas of activity - all this leads to the impoverishment of life, the withdrawal of positive emotions from it, a feeling of loneliness and uselessness. The situation, however, is such that with an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in the birth rate, a significant part of the population is made up of elderly people and, therefore, there is a need for a special organization of assistance to the elderly.

The problems of the elderly in modern society are usually seen as a consequence of industrialization and urbanization. According to T. Hareven, such explanations are rather simplified. She proposes to study the problems of aging in connection with historical shifts in three areas of individual life activity: localization in historical time, efficiency in the sphere of work, social orientations and family functions in relation to the elderly. In turn, it is necessary to consider the following cultural and social factors that determine, firstly, the specifics of the aging process, and secondly, the position of the elderly in society: property ownership and income, strategic knowledge, performance, mutual dependence, traditions and religion, loss roles and role uncertainty, the loss of the future. Property ownership and income. Income is what keeps the economy of the elderly person, and if it is not there, then the elderly person falls into an oppressed group and is entirely dependent on the charity of society. Ownership is fundamental to the independence and security of the elderly.

Retirement is often viewed as crisis period In human life. The ongoing significant change in the life situation is associated with both external factors (the appearance of free time, a change in social status) and internal factors (awareness of age-related decline in physical and mental strength, dependent position on society and family). These changes require a person to rethink values, attitudes towards himself and the environment, and search for new ways to implement activity. For some, this process takes a long time, painfully, accompanied by feelings, passivity, not the ability to find new activities, find new contacts to take a fresh look at oneself and the world around. Another category of pensioners, on the contrary, adapts quickly and is not inclined to dramatize the transition to a retirement lifestyle. They fully use the increased free time, find a new social environment.

Describing the position of the elderly in society, researchers (V. Alperovich, M.E. Elyutina, A.G. Leaders and others) note that it has noticeably deteriorated in the second half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, it is also noted that respect for age is disappearing in society, giving way to indifference and hostility towards the elderly. The negative assessment of older citizens is facilitated by increased propaganda of the youth subculture by the media with the simultaneous imposition of the role of social ballast on older people, which is not true.

One of the most important indicators of the position of an elderly person in society is his marital status. Socio-economic instability in our society has led the elderly to seek protection only in the family. Some sociologists classify the family of older people depending on what kind of environment they have around them and what is the main source of their income.

According to E.I. Single, with retirement, the old people change their usual life stereotypes, and not only material, but also psychological difficulties arise. Sometimes this leads to a feeling of loneliness, uselessness. Most often it occurs as a result of the death of one of the spouses.

Describing the position of older people in modern society, the concept of “lifestyle” is often used as a system of life activities of a given social group, determined by the socio-economic conditions of their life: work, life, social life and culture. The lifestyle of older people is also made up of other indicators associated with data on the level and quality of their life. The standard of living is an economic category that expresses the degree of satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of older people, the provision of consumer goods, which are characterized mainly by quantitative indicators (the size of the pension, the volume of real consumption of goods and services, the level of consumption of food and non-food products, housing conditions, etc. ). Quality of life is a sociological category, indicating the satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of older people (quality of food and clothing, comfort of housing, settlement structure, etc.).

The onset of old age is a source of increased social risk for an individual, the problems of older people have objective reasons and require constant attention, finding additional material, human and other resources. They have a weakly expressed tendency to minimize, since the elderly are one of the most significant socio-demographic groups of the population. In Russia, where every ninth citizen is over the age of 65, the aging of the population is a factor that directly affects the course of reforms. In improving the social situation of the elderly, there are objective difficulties associated with the economic situation.

With retirement, an elderly person inevitably has a number of problems associated not only with a change in the amount of income, but also with getting used to a new social status, adapting the material and clothing environment to reducing physical capabilities, and the emergence of necessary household difficulties.

The transition of a person to a group of older people significantly changes his relationship with society and such value-normative concepts as the purpose and meaning of life, goodness and happiness, and so on. The lifestyle of people is changing significantly. Previously, they were associated with society, production, social activities - as pensioners (by age), they, as a rule, lose their permanent connection with production. However, as members of society, they remain included in certain activities in various spheres of public life.

Retirement is especially difficult for people whose labor activity was highly valued in the past, and now (for example, in modern Russian conditions) is recognized as unnecessary, useless. Practice shows that the break with labor activity in a number of cases has a negative effect on the state of health, vitality, and the psyche of people.

As a survey of lonely older people shows, their psychological problems are as follows: they have difficulty communicating with social workers and neighbors; prone to suicide; they suffer from depression due to the collapse of the ideals of youth and their whole life; experience a sense of guilt before the deceased loved ones; experience fear of death and fear of being buried unworthily.

Entry into elderly age accompanied for some by a sharp, for others a smooth change in occupation, lifestyle and lifestyle, financial situation and other living conditions. The most important (landmark) event for the majority of older people, which radically changes their lifestyle and position in society, is retirement. Actually, for many, this fact marks the onset of old age - the next life cycle.

The lifestyle of older people is largely determined by how they spend their free time, what opportunities society creates for this. Actively engaging in social activities, older people make their lives more full-blooded. In this sense, it is useful to involve older people in the work of various societies, in organizing meetings, radio and television programs especially for the elderly, in working with children and youth, and so on, but the main daily activity of pensioners is mainly home (help in work , household and child care), health, passive recreation and entertainment.

Cohabitation with children, family assistance plays a significant role in the survival of the elderly. In this regard, marital status is another important indicator of the position of an older person in society. The level of his social and everyday needs, the degree and forms of their satisfaction largely depend on whether the elderly person lives with children.

This situation is due to the evolution family relations reflecting socio-economic changes in modern society. In the 20th century, there was a tendency to lose the role of a multigenerational family, in which the elderly occupied an honorable place, and different generations within the same family built their relationships on the basis of mutual assistance, mutual benefit, and mutual enrichment.

Older people make a multifaceted contribution to the social development of Russia, welcome positive changes in modern society, show interest in social, cultural and economic life, support the solidarity of generations and are the guardians of spiritual and moral values, retain the ability to do what they can to work, be willing to share experience and replenish resources spent to ensure their livelihoods.

The reality of today is the constant presence of many older people among us. There is a decisive departure from the view of older people as a burden on Russian society, the further progress of which is possible in the context of a society for people of all ages.

From the foregoing, the following conclusion can be drawn that the cardinal and demographic changes that have taken place over the past hundred years indicate the transformation of the older age group into a significant part of society. The problems of older people at the present stage relate to the sphere of work, and life, and family policy and even the social policy of the state.

When considering the issue of aging, it is very important not to separate the issue of the situation of older persons from the general socio-economic conditions prevailing in society. The elderly should be seen as an integral part of the population.

1.2 Main areas of social work with older people

The elderly are one of the least protected social groups that need the support and assistance of society and the state. The state social policy in relation to the elderly is aimed at, firstly, preparing society for the ongoing demographic changes; secondly, to improve the quality of life of older people; thirdly, to develop social services in accordance with the needs and needs of this category of the population.

In developed countries, social protection of all categories of the population is carried out both through the system of state institutions and non-state charitable organizations. In Russia, private forms of support and assistance to the elderly are still very poorly developed, and the main role in their social protection is played by the state, which provides it in various forms through the structure of general and specialized institutions. At the state level, guaranteed provision of statutory pensions, allowances, various types of in-kind support, a wide range of services and benefits is ensured. One of the main tasks of this area of social protection of the elderly at the present stage is to ensure a decent life for this category of the population through an increase in their income. To solve this problem, the government is taking a number of measures to increase the deduction of contributions from legal entities and individuals to Pension Fund RF from whose funds pension payments are made. Various benefits introduced for this category of citizens at the federal and regional levels contribute to easing the financial situation of pensioners.

One of the most important forms of social protection of the elderly is social service, which is the activity of special services for the provision of social services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of elderly citizens.

The infrastructure of the system of social services for the elderly in the Russian Federation is determined by a combination of stationary, semi-stationary and non-stationary forms of social services.

Social services are considered as an organizational form of social work with the elderly. At present, social services have developed into an integral system that is constantly being improved, as evidenced by the creation of new social service institutions, the introduction of new types of services, etc.

Inpatient care for the elderly in the system of social protection is carried out in general boarding houses, geriatric centers, neuropsychiatric boarding schools, charity homes, social institutions for the homeless, special boarding schools for the elderly and disabled.

A significant place in the work with the elderly is occupied by social service centers, of which there are more than 1800 in our country. rehabilitation departments.

Daycare departments operate at social service centers. They are intended for social, domestic, cultural, medical care of citizens who have retained the ability to self-service and movement, to organize their meals and recreation, to involve them in feasible work activities and to maintain an active lifestyle. The activities of the departments help older people overcome loneliness and isolation. In some regions of the country, departments for temporary round-the-clock stay of the elderly are being opened. For 24 days they are provided with social and medical care and three meals a day. The services of such branches are primarily needed by rural residents, especially in autumn and winter.

In many constituent entities of Russia, on the basis of social service centers, social rehabilitation departments are being created that organize health and rehabilitation activities for the elderly who have retained the ability to self-service and movement. Occupational therapy is carried out in special rooms equipped with simple mechanisms, tools, devices for manual labor.

A common type of social support for the elderly in non-stationary conditions is urgent social assistance of a one-time nature to people in dire need of support. This service provides services such as the provision of shoes and clothing, basic necessities; provision of free hot meals or food; financial assistance, referral to medical and social departments; provision of legal and psychological assistance; assistance in registration and employment; organization of rental of household appliances, household equipment, etc.

Among the institutions of social service for the elderly, an important place is occupied by stationary social institutions - special homes for the lonely and the elderly. Such houses are intended for permanent residence of single disabled people, participants in the Great Patriotic War (who do not have able-bodied children), as well as single widows of servicemen who died during the Great Patriotic War, who retained full or partial ability to self-service and need to create conditions for the realization of basic life needs. .

In the Russian Federation, stationary institutions of the system of social protection of the population - boarding schools for the elderly and disabled - have become widespread. As a rule, elderly and disabled people who need care and medical care live here. There are a number of reasons for their stay in a boarding house. Social reasons: lack of housing or the threat of its loss, minimum size pensions, lack of social services near the place of residence. Medico-social reasons: advanced age, the need for constant medical supervision and care. The main tasks of the boarding house are: material and household support for the elderly and disabled, creating favorable living conditions for them, close to home; organization of care, provision of medical care; implementation of measures aimed at their social and labor rehabilitation.

In addition to the aforementioned stationary institutions, mini-boarding houses for older citizens began to appear, who are able to pay for their maintenance themselves or with the help of children.

Mercy houses are being created in the country to provide social support to the weakest (elderly) citizens. Their main activity is the implementation of medical care, support for the life of very old and sick people.

Forms of stationary and non-stationary care for the elderly are developed to a greater or lesser extent in various regions of the Russian Federation. The level of their development largely depends on the interest and activity of local self-government bodies. However, they must all be based on the following principles of social assistance:

targeting, which provides for taking into account the needs of social work clients in certain forms and types of social protection,

guarantees, that is, the obligation to provide social assistance to the elderly,

complexity, involving the provision of pensioners with several types of social assistance at the same time,

differentiation, i.e. taking into account regional, gender, age and cultural specifics when organizing social protection,

the dynamics of social protection, which provides for the revision of social standards in connection with the rising cost of living.

Social assistance and support for the elderly is one of the most important areas of the state's social policy. But in many respects the emotional state of representatives of this age group also depends on the attitude of others, close people and strangers towards them. Respect for old age, for the merits and age of an elderly person is an indicator of the culture and development of society.

An important social problem of older citizens is the gradual destruction of traditional family foundations, which has led to the fact that the older generation does not occupy an honorable dominant position. Very often, older people generally live separately from their families and therefore they are unable to cope with their ailments and loneliness, and if earlier the main responsibility for the elderly lay with the family, now state and local bodies, social protection institutions are increasingly taking it upon themselves .

Social security and services for the elderly and elderly include pensions and various benefits; the maintenance and service of the elderly and the disabled in special institutions of the bodies of social protection of the population; prosthetics, benefits for the disabled; helping the homeless.

Social security is carried out by state bodies, enterprises, individuals, at the expense of contributions (deductions from wages) of workers. In the latter case, the payment from the funds is determined not by the labor contribution and length of service, but by the amount of contributions. This practice is very common in Western countries.

One of the important areas of social security is the improvement of pension provision. It is solved in different ways. In some countries, a pensioner receives a pension and wages completely regardless of their size and in any sector of the national economy. In other countries, so-called deferred pensions are widespread, that is, an increase in pensions by a certain percentage depending on the number working years after retirement age. This is also in Russia. Voluntary old-age insurance (the right to an additional pension) also has a perspective. But our pension provision is still insufficient, despite the regular increase in the size of pensions (16; 204).

Local authorities also provide assistance to the elderly: differentiated surcharges increase non-working pensioners; various categories of the elderly are given benefits for paying for housing, travel in suburban transport in the summer, medicines are dispensed free of charge according to doctor's prescriptions, free vouchers to sanatoriums are provided, and so on.

The emergency social assistance service provides a wide range of services: providing those in dire need with free hot meals or food packages; provision of clothing, footwear and essentials; one-time provision of financial assistance; assistance in obtaining temporary housing; provision of emergency psychological assistance, including through the “hotline”; provision of legal assistance; provision of other types and forms of assistance due to regional and other specifics.

Guardianship of the elderly is one of the main directions in social work with them.

Guardianship is “one of the social and legal forms of protection of personal and property rights and interests of citizens. It is established over capable adult citizens who, for health reasons, cannot protect their rights and interests themselves. The guardian must: protect the rights and interests of the ward, live with him (in most cases) and provide the necessary living conditions for him, care for him and his treatment, protect him from abuse by third parties. A trustee over a capable person may be appointed only with the consent of the ward.

In boarding houses of a general type, the elderly are helped to psychologically adapt to new conditions. The newcomer is informed about the services provided, the location of rooms, offices. The features, needs, interests of the elderly are studied in order to resettle them in accordance with their individual psychological properties, so that they can find people close to them in terms of temperament, interests, and do not feel lonely. Employment needs and leisure preferences are being studied.

Naturally, older people want to live in their own home, in a familiar environment. And this allows expanding home care. Home services guaranteed by the state, in Lately become more diverse. This is catering and home delivery of groceries; assistance in purchasing medicines, essential goods; assistance in obtaining medical care and accompaniment to medical institutions; home cleaning help assistance in the provision of ritual services and the burial of the lonely dead; organization of various social and domestic services (renovation of an apartment; delivery of firewood, water); assistance in the preparation of documents, the exchange of housing.

Older people can be alert and active, but of course the need for medical care increases with age. There are a number of chronic diseases that often lead to disability. Therefore, medical and social rehabilitation is of particular importance, that is, a set of measures aimed at restoring, strengthening the state of health, preventing diseases and restoring the ability to social functioning. The nature of rehabilitation measures depends on the state of health, on the type of pathology.

Tasks of medical and social rehabilitation of the elderly and old people:

1) coordination and coordination of work with medical institutions of the city.

2) development and testing of new non-traditional methods of rehabilitation.

3) organization of specialized medical and social advisory work on the basis of medical institutions of the city.

4) organization and implementation of medical and social patronage of lonely elderly, and elderly living in families

5) teaching family members the basics of medical and psychological knowledge for caring for elderly loved ones.

6) assistance in providing disabled people with the necessary aids (crutches, hearing aids, glasses, etc.)

7) implementation of recreational activities (massage, water procedures, physiotherapy exercises)

Old age is the age when "the expansion of death into the territory of life is especially strong." At this age, the risk of cancer increases. When a person can no longer be cured, the hospice helps him to live his remaining days with dignity.

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn from chapter 1.

1. Population aging and old age are the object of study of various branches of scientific knowledge, which makes the study of social problems of older citizens interdisciplinary character.

2. The situation of the elderly population in the Russian Federation is characterized by the presence of a complex of biomedical (physiological), mental, socio-psychological, socio-cultural, communicative, socio-economic and other problems.

3. Elderly citizens are a specific category of objects of state social protection, which is reflected in the relevant regulatory legal acts of the federal, regional, municipal and local levels.

Chapter 2. The content of the technology of social work with the elderly on the example of Babushkin, Kabansky district

2.1 Regulatory framework for social services at home for the elderly

The regulatory framework that secures the rights, status and position of older Russians looks quite capacious.

It is represented by legislation, both general and special. The foundations for the development of legislation that establishes a system of social rights for older people were laid by the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993.

Conventionally, two types of norms can be included in the system of social rights of older people:

norms that enshrine the rights of all citizens, regardless of age, including those that are especially significant for older people;

norms directly related to the rights of older people and their special groups (veterans, disabled people, etc.) and the obligations of the state, non-state structures and the family corresponding to these rights.

Under the Constitution, senior citizens are guaranteed equal social rights and freedoms with all citizens of Russia. These are the general norms included in the system of social rights of the elderly.

So, according to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

In accordance with Art. 41 of the Constitution, older people, along with everyone else, have the right to health care and free medical care in state and municipal institutions.

Along with social rights, Art. 33 of the Constitution, older people are granted the right to apply personally, as well as to send individual and collective appeals to state bodies and bodies local government. Turning to state bodies and local governments with suggestions, comments, criticism of shortcomings, with their own problems, older people feel like active participants in the management of state affairs and, being persistent in presenting their opinions, try to be useful in the development and adoption of managerial decisions.

The above fundamental constitutional norms were the basis for many federal laws, presidential decrees, decrees of the government of the Russian Federation and other by-laws, including those on social support for the elderly.

Legal support for the management and implementation of social services is one of the important areas in the implementation of social rights of citizens.

Social services are provided to a citizen on the basis of an agreement on the provision of social services concluded between the provider of social services and the citizen.

The law provides for the following types of social services:

social and domestic, aimed at supporting the life of recipients of social services in everyday life;

socio-medical, aimed at maintaining and preserving the health of recipients of social services through the organization of care, assistance in carrying out recreational activities, systematic monitoring of recipients of social services to identify deviations in their health status;

socio-psychological, providing assistance in correcting the psychological state of recipients of social services for adaptation in the social environment, including the provision of psychological assistance anonymously using a helpline;

socio-pedagogical, aimed at preventing deviations in the behavior and development of the personality of recipients of social services, forming their positive interests (including in the field of leisure), organizing their leisure, assisting the family in raising children;

social and labor, aimed at providing assistance in finding employment and in solving other problems related to labor adaptation;

social and legal, aimed at providing assistance in obtaining legal services, including free of charge, in protecting the rights and legitimate interests of recipients of social services;

services to increase the communicative potential of recipients of social services with disabilities, including children with disabilities;

urgent social services.

The federal law establishes norms aimed at forming a market for social services. It is possible to involve commercial and non-profit organizations (including socially oriented non-profit organizations) in the field of social services, in addition to public sector organizations.

One of the innovations is the creation of a register of social service providers and a register of recipients of social services, which are formed in the subject of the Russian Federation. Thus, the beneficiaries of social services will be able to choose the most suitable social service provider.

The federal law contains norms providing for the implementation of state control in the field of social services, as well as public control.

The transitional provisions of the Federal Law establish that the list of social services provided by social service providers in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation cannot be reduced in comparison with those established in the constituent entity as of December 31, 2014. At the same time, for recipients of social services who had the right to receive social services earlier, the conditions for the provision of social services will remain the same and cannot be worsened in comparison with the conditions established as of December 31, 2014.

By the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the size of the maximum value of the average per capita income for the provision of social services free of charge cannot be lower than one and a half of the subsistence minimum established in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation for the main socio-demographic groups of the population.

The Federal Law "On Veterans" establishes legal guarantees for the social protection of veterans in the Russian Federation in order to create conditions that provide them with a decent life, active work, honor and respect in society.

You can also note the Federal Target Program "Older Generation". More than 20 ministries and departments, a number of academic and sectoral scientific organizations, heads of administrations of many regions took part in the work on it. This program provides measures to comprehensively address many issues that are vital for older citizens.

As for the regulatory legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation and aimed directly at regulating processes in the field of social work and in the field of social services, it seems correct to speak, at least at the federal level, of two types of documents:

1) laws as acts that have the highest legal force (the Constitution of Russia, federal laws);

2) by-laws (decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and instructions of ministries and departments).

In the Republic of Buryatia, a number of regulatory documents are in force, taking into account the characteristics of the republic and aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and vigorous activity of citizens of the older generation:

Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. No. 442-FZ "On the basics of social services for citizens of the Russian Federation";

Law of the Republic of Belarus dated 07.10.2014 No. 665-5 “On the exercise of powers for social services for citizens on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia”;

Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated December 12, 2014 No. 637 “On approval of the amount of payment for the provision of social services and the procedure for collection in the Republic of Buryatia”.

Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated October 22, 2014 No. 519 “On approval of the nomenclature of the organization of social services for citizens in the Republic of Buryatia”.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 18, 2014 No. 1075 “On approval of the rules for determining the average per capita income for the provision of social services free of charge”;

Decree of the Government of the Republic of Belarus dated December 10, 2014 No. 624 “On approval of the procedure for determining the amount and payment of compensation to the provider or providers of social services that are included in the register of social service providers in the Republic of Buryatia, but do not participate in the implementation of the state task (order);

Decree of the Republic of Belarus December 12, 2014 No. 638 "On approval of the regulation on the procedure for the provision of social services in the form of social services at home."

In addition, the Law introduced social support for citizens in the provision of social services, which involves assistance in the provision of medical, psychological, pedagogical, legal, social assistance that is not related to social services, based on interdepartmental interaction of organizations providing such assistance. Measures for social support are reflected in the individual program for the provision of social services. The rights and obligations of providers and recipients of social services are spelled out, and a register of providers and a register of recipients is provided for.

Thus, the achievement of a new quality of social work and the system of social services for the population as a whole implies the full and comprehensive implementation of the adopted federal laws and by-laws related to the improvement of social services and social security for various categories of the population, the creation of a reliable legal mechanism for their implementation.

2.2 Analysis of the department of social services at home No. 3, Babushkin, Kabansky district

The head of the department of social protection of the population in the Kabansky district of the Republican State Institution "Center for Social Support of the Population" is Andrei Innokentevich Belogolov. Deputy Head Afanasyeva Irina Petrovna.

In the department there are 7 departments of social services at home, one of the departments is the department of social services at home No. 3, which includes settlements: st. Mishikha, Ivanovka settlement, with. Klyuevka, Babushkin, Boyarsky station. 1369 pensioners live in these settlements, 10% of them are served in the department of social services at home No. 3.

The department is intended to provide social services provided for by the List of state-guaranteed social services, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated December 12, 2014. 638 "On approval of the regulation on the procedure for the provision of social services in the form of social services at home" to single citizens and citizens who have partially lost the ability to self-service due to advanced age, illness, disability and in need of permanent non-stationary social services.

The activities of the department are carried out in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation of the Republic of Buryatia, national standards for social services, orders of the Minister of Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Buryatia, Regulations on the department.

The clients of the department are elderly citizens and disabled people who have partially lost the ability to self-service and need outside support, social and household assistance at home, aimed at maintaining their life.

Service areas for social workers, the number of clients and their work schedule are established by the head of the department, taking into account the severity of the condition of the persons served, the nature and quantity of the required services, the compactness of accommodation, the presence of trade enterprises, and health care institutions.

The frequency of visits by social workers to persons served at home is set depending on the severity of the client's condition, but at least 2 times a week.

Disabled people and participants of the Great Patriotic War enjoy the right of extraordinary acceptance for service in the department.

Tasks and functions of the department:

ensuring the maximum possible extension of the stay of citizens in their habitual habitat and maintaining their social, psychological and physical status;

maintenance of life by providing social, social, medical, socio-psychological, socio-legal, socio-economic, socio-pedagogical services of a permanent and temporary nature to citizens in accordance with the territorial list of state-guaranteed social services;

determination of specific types of assistance, the frequency of providing services to citizens in need of social services, based on the state of health and the ability to self-service;

involvement of various state, municipal bodies and public associations in resolving issues of providing social support to citizens and coordinating their activities in this direction;

informing and advising citizens on the issue of social services at home;

To receive social services at home, a citizen or his representative applies to a subdivision of the Republican State Institution "Center for Social Support of the Population":

a document proving the identity of a citizen (passport, birth certificate - for persons who are temporarily on the territory of the Russian Federation, a certificate of release from places of deprivation of liberty, other documents issued in the manner prescribed by law, proving the identity of a citizen);

a certificate, certificate, certificate or other document of the established form, confirming that citizens belong to the categories indicated above;

a certificate from a medical and preventive healthcare institution on the state of health and the absence of contraindications to social services;

certificate of the local government body or housing maintenance company on the composition of the family (indicating the date of birth of each family member and family ties);

certificate of the amount of the pension;

conclusion of a medical organization on the applicant’s state of health “On the complete or partial loss of the ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, provide for basic life needs”, or an individual rehabilitation program (for disabled people);

documents on property belonging to the applicant and members of his family on the right of ownership.

Citizens living in families additionally submit:

certificates from each family member (relative) from the place of work (service, study) on wages and other income.

General contraindications to the admission of citizens to social services at home are:

active forms of tuberculosis,

chronic alcoholism and drug addiction,

quarantine infectious diseases,

severe mental disorders, bacterio- or virus carriers.

Structure and organization of the department's activities.

Department of Social Services No. 3 is being created to serve at least 150 citizens living in an urban settlement. Services to citizens are carried out by employees who are on the staff of the department.

The position of a social worker will be introduced at the rate of serving by one worker 10 citizens living in an urban settlement; 6 citizens in a rural settlement.

The territories served by social workers and the work schedule of these workers are approved by the head of the department of social services at home, taking into account the degree and nature of the need of citizens for assistance, the compactness of their residence.

In the department of social services at home No. 3, the number of social workers is 25 people who serve 141 citizens, the data are presented in Table. one.

Table 1 - Information on the department of social services at home No. 3

NNIENVOVENEKOL-V1MOZHINO2DO 18 years13o 18-5924 hundred 60 to 7495th 75 to 7956 hundred 80 to 8914790 and older than 1855 to 59611 12 to 744112 total 75 to 792613 6 to 89321490 and older than 3 gr. 1 gr.916Infid 2 gr.4018Infid 3 gr. Rural places.10820In urban places.3321Total:141

The data in Table 1 shows that 32 men, 109 women, as well as 58 citizens have a complete or partial loss of the ability, or the ability to carry out self-service, to move independently to provide basic necessities of life due to illness or injury.

The staffing of the department is approved by the head of the RGU within the limits of the funds allocated for these purposes by the relevant budget.

Branch powers.

Branches have the right to:

1. In accordance with the established procedure, request and receive the necessary information within the competence;

2. Interact with departments of the RSU branch in order to carry out their functions and tasks;

4. Exercise other powers within the competence.

Income received from the provision of paid social services is used to stimulate the work of employees and further develop social services, including strengthening the material and technical base of the institution.

Thus, a number of regulatory documents are in force in the Republic of Buryatia: Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. No. 442-FZ "On the basics of social services for citizens of the Russian Federation"; Law of the Republic of Belarus dated 07.10.2014 No. 665-5 “On the exercise of powers for social services for citizens on the territory of the Republic of Belarus”; Decree of the Government of the Republic of Belarus dated December 12, 2014 No. 637 “On approval of the amount of payment for the provision of social services and the procedure for collection in the Republic of Belarus”; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 18, 2014 No. 1075 "On approval of the rules for determining the average per capita income for the provision of social services free of charge."

It can also be noted that in the department of social services at home No. 3, the number of pensioners is 139 citizens. And that the social service department is focused not only on the mandatory necessary assistance and support for the elderly, but also uses innovative technologies to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

2.3 Ways to improve the activities of the department of social services at home No. 3 of the city of Babushkin, Kabansky district

One of the natural macroeconomic consequences of aging as a socio-demographic process is the growing need for social services, which affects the development of the social service system for the population, the determination of the amount of funding for social service institutions in the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets.

First of all, the elderly (about 30 million people) form a steady demand for social services. It will increase in the foreseeable future.

The structure of demand for social services is gradually changing, expensive services for permanent outside care at home, social and medical services, and nursing services are becoming necessary. There is a marked increase in the demand for places in sheltered dwellings.

This is due to the presence of groups of older people with special needs: elderly people with disabilities (5.3 million people), people over 70 years old (12.5 million people), centenarians (about 18 thousand people aged 100 years and older), lonely long-term ill elderly people, older people living in remote rural areas (about 4 million people).

A decade of reforms has brought significant achievements in the field of social services for the elderly population: the right to social services in the Russian Federation is established by law, social services are developing rapidly, there are various types of social service institutions, financial, logistical, and staffing of their activities are constantly improving and improving applied social service technologies, methods of individual assessment of the need for assistance and social services are gradually being introduced, the participation of non-state structures in this activity is expanding.

It is necessary to simultaneously increase the quantitative and qualitative indicators of social services, take into account more fully the differentiation of incomes of consumers of social services, and take measures aimed at creating a real market for social services, when the offer of social services comes not only from state and municipal structures. This is closely related to the task of protecting the rights of older people as consumers of services and introducing an institution of independent control.

The task of improving the quality of social services provided is coming to the fore, which is associated with overcoming differences in the qualitative indicators of social services that are characteristic of individual regions, settlements, cities and villages.

At the same time, the search for new approaches to ensuring the high quality of social services, new forms of service provision, and organization of the activities of social service institutions continues.

Thanks to an active policy in the field of social services for the elderly population, the foundations are being created for proactive actions and the use of new social technologies, including those tested on the experience of other countries, in order to accelerate the development and increase the efficiency of social service institutions.

The introduction of innovations is justified if it serves the achievement of specific priority goals. In a transforming society, the innovation process contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as:

respecting the rights and ensuring a safe environment for older people;

improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services;

providing effective support to families providing family care for the elderly;

building partnerships at all levels.

The use of new technologies of social services for elderly citizens is becoming more widespread in connection with the establishment of a unified moral and ethical standard of attitude towards an elderly person, based on respect for him.

The basic principle of modern social services is clearly formulated and becomes public domain - focus on an individual assessment of the needs of the client, a more advanced mechanism for the provision of social services based on individual plans, the participation of older people themselves in planning the activities of social services.

Obviously, in the near future, the growing needs of the older generation in social services will force them to actively seek financial, organizational, administrative sources and resources. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that already now the older generation are making new demands on the quality, assortment, accessibility of social services and on the institutions where they now receive these services.

Of course, the concept of federal policy in this area is holistic, but nevertheless, each region introduces its own unique developments, innovative methods for solving problems, based on the level of the state of the social sphere in the region.

In Buryatia, social support, social services for elderly citizens is the area of responsibility of the subject of the Russian Federation. A strict vertical has been built: the government of the Republic of Buryatia, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population and subordinate institutions that provide both social payments and various social services.

Within the framework of republican powers, they are working on creating an optimal system of social services and rehabilitation, where, taking into account the needs of older citizens, all forms and types of social services mutually complement, replace each other, and have a specific complex character.

The Ministry has developed and is implementing precisely such approaches to organizing the activities of the industry. And if specifically, the following stages and directions are highlighted.

The first is the creation of a legal framework. Since January 1, 2015, the Republic has been implementing the Law “On the implementation of powers for social services for citizens on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia”. The most important provision within the framework of the law is that now social services in the republic are carried out on the principle of assessing the individual needs of a person and the size of the average per capita income of a citizen and his family. This is very important, because in the current period of time these opportunities must be used.

Paid services were introduced not instead of free ones, but along with them. Needy single citizens are under the full guardianship of the state. In addition, the cost of services is absolutely acceptable and, I repeat once again, that it is set only taking into account the average per capita income of a citizen. Tariffs for paid services are approved by order of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Buryatia.

Within the framework of the law, social services are standardized, that is, requirements are established for the mandatory volume and quality of social services, the procedure and conditions for their provision. Standards have been introduced for all types and forms of social services operating on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia: these are stationary, non-stationary, semi-stationary, temporary shelter (meaning a foster family), hospice at home, rehabilitation services.

As of July 1, 2012 along with the traditional form of providing social services at home, this is the organization of “foster families for the elderly and disabled”, and the mobile services “Social Express” for conducting “Days of social service”, as well as “third age universities”, rent, brigade method, social tourism, etc. .

The next, perhaps the most promising project for reforming the system of providing various services to senior citizens at home is non-stationary social services. Most lonely older people, of course, want to live independently in their own home, in familiar surroundings, for as long as possible. But they need help, including new additional convenient forms of work for these citizens. And since there is such a need, new types of services have been introduced in the republic - a foster family, a hospice at home. These types of social services are, of course, much less financially intensive.

Social services in foster families are carried out in the manner and under the conditions determined by the Government of the Republic of Buryatia The social technology of social services "foster families for the elderly and disabled" is being implemented, which is part of the strategy home care aimed at the maximum possible stay of citizens in the familiar social environment. As of 05/01/2015, there is one foster family in the department of social services at home in Babushkin, which was opened in 2009. The family has favorable living conditions for a single citizen. The citizen lives in a familiar environment, and it is also planned to open 2 more foster families. The implementation of this social technology has shown its effectiveness, is cost-effective in comparison with the maintenance of citizens in stationary conditions.

Social services "hospice at home" are provided to sick citizens who need palliative care, including those suffering from cancer and other intractable non-communicable diseases who need constant outside help (hereinafter referred to as citizens).

Social service "hospice at home" is provided in accordance with the established list of social services. Social service "hospice at home" is not provided to elderly citizens and disabled people who are bacterial or virus carriers, or if they have chronic alcoholism, quarantine infectious diseases, active forms of tuberculosis, severe mental disorders, venereal and other diseases that require treatment in specialized health care institutions 17, p. 139].

When making a decision on the provision of social services "hospice at home" with a citizen or his legal representative, a contract is concluded in writing for a period of up to 6 months.

The contract for the provision of social services indicates the conditions for the provision, types and volumes of services provided, the time frame in which they must be provided, the procedure and amount of their payment, as well as other conditions determined by the parties. A change in the conditions of social services is drawn up in the form of an additional agreement to the contract.

Citizens accepted for social services "hospice at home" should be familiar with the list of services provided, tariffs, rules of conduct for citizens in the provision of social services at home.

Until January 1, 2015, a citizen was served in the “hospice at home” in the department of social services at home for two years, with whom the contract was renewed every six months, which helped the seriously ill citizen living alone for a long time to be in his usual environment, and the most important thing in your home.

As part of the development of forms of social services for elderly and disabled citizens, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population in the Kabansky district of the city of Babushkin in the department of social services at home since 2013 has been implementing new form services - "University of the Third Age".

The purpose of this program is to organize intellectual communication and cultural leisure. The faculties of the "University of the Third Age" work in close cooperation with public, cultural and leisure organizations.

Currently, the university has 2 faculties, which employs about 40 people.

The following activities have been implemented within the framework of this program:

book exchange, book lover club

erection of flowers, club "Tsvetoliub".

At present, in the districts of the republic, the departments of social protection of the population and in the complex center of social services at home No. 3 are working to provide nurse services, at the same time, a database of citizens wishing to provide this service is being created.

When a member of the family is ill or recovering from a serious illness, it is often necessary to turn to the help of a nurse who would be with the patient for a certain time. Indeed, often people simply do not have the opportunity to provide full-fledged care for loved ones. In this case, without disturbing the usual rhythm of life for the family, it is advisable to invite a nurse.

When citizens apply for this service by experienced specialists, the “nurse” will be selected on an individual basis, taking into account the need to perform specific tasks due to the course of certain diseases, age, psychological and physiological characteristics of a person.

The services of a nurse include both cooking and feeding the patient, hygienic care for the patient, measuring blood pressure, taking medications, as well as reading books, newspapers, holding conversations, etc. At the same time, the cost of a nurse’s service in the regions of the republic for 3 hours is rubles.

At the end of 2013, Russia adopted the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 442-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation”, which comes into force on January 1, 2015.
The Federal Law will replace the current Federal Laws No. 122-FZ of August 2, 1995 “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens”, No. 195-FZ of December 10, 1995 “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”, which will be recognized invalidated with the adoption of the new Federal Law. The federal law specifies a number of basic concepts in the field of social services, such as "social services for citizens", "social service", "recipient of social services" and defines a number of new concepts - "provider of social services", "social service standard", "prevention of circumstances that determine the need for social services.

Under the social services of citizens, the Federal Law defines the activities for the provision of social services to citizens.
The recipient of services is a citizen recognized as needing social services and receiving social services.
The federal law defines the basic principles of social services. Their list is supplemented with new principles: targeted provision of social services; the proximity of social service providers to the place of residence of social service recipients, the sufficiency of both the number of social service providers themselves and their financial, material and technical, personnel and information resources;

preservation of the citizen's stay in the usual favorable environment.

A list of grounds for recognizing a citizen in a difficult life situation has been formed. A citizen is recognized as needing social services if the following circumstances exist that worsen or may worsen the conditions of his life:

1) complete or partial loss of the ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, provide for basic life needs due to illness, injury, age or disability;

2) the presence in the family of a disabled person or disabled people, including a disabled child or disabled children in need of constant outside care;

3) the presence of a child or children (including those under guardianship, guardianship) experiencing difficulties in social adaptation;

4) the inability to provide care (including temporary) for a disabled person, a child, children, as well as the lack of care for them;

5) the presence of an intra-family conflict, including with persons with drug or alcohol addiction, persons addicted to gambling, persons suffering from mental disorders, the presence of domestic violence;

6) the absence of a fixed place of residence, including for a person who has not reached the age of twenty-three and who has completed his stay in an organization for orphans and children left without parental care.

Federal law provides for an individual approach to each person in need of assistance. It involves the development and implementation of an individual program with which a person can overcome a difficult life situation.

Social services in the form of social services in the form of citizens at home in certain volumes individual program is provided free of charge if, as of the date of application, the average per capita income is lower than or equal to one and a half of the average per capita subsistence minimum. It is provided for payment if the average per capita income exceeds one and a half of the average per capita subsistence minimum. The amount of the monthly payment is calculated on the basis of tariffs for social services, but cannot exceed 50% of the difference between the average per capita income of the recipient, social services and one and a half of the subsistence minimum.

Thus, for citizens whose income is below one and a half of the average per capita subsistence minimum, services are provided free of charge. The data are presented in table. 2.

Table 2 - Changing the terms of payment

№DateName Quantity131.12.2014-full payment1412-partial03-free of charge0401.05.2015-full payment1005-partial66-free35

This table shows that according to the new Federal Law No. 442 of December 28, 2013 “On the basics of social services for citizens in the Russian Federation”, it gives the right to citizens to be served free of charge in the volumes determined by the individual program.

As the main goal, the social protection of the elderly involves

delivering them from absolute poverty, providing material assistance in the extreme conditions of the transition period to a market economy, and assisting in the adaptation of these segments of the population to new conditions. Unfortunately, at present, the social strategy of the state is not aimed at an absolute increase in spending on social programs, but mainly at the redistribution of available funds in order to provide social assistance, primarily to the most needy citizens of society, which traditionally include old-age pensioners who are below the poverty line.

In modern socio-economic conditions, unfortunately, the standard of living of the "economically inactive part of the population" is constantly declining.

The existing legislative and legal acts on the organization of social services and pensions for citizens require revision and improvement. The study of the effectiveness of the system of social services for the elderly shows that it is necessary to take measures to improve it, as there is an increase in the number of older people in need of social assistance.

A study was conducted on the quality indicators of social workers. Attachment 1.

As a result of our study, the following data were obtained are presented in Table. 3.

It turned out that half of the elderly people we interviewed use the services of social workers several times a week (50%), 30% of the respondents need social services on average once a week, and 20% seek help several times a month.

Table 3 - Quality indicators of social workers that are most appreciated by older people

№QualityPositive assessment (%)1 Understanding100%2Generosity90%3The ability to compassion80%4Warmness70%

So, we see that older people state their need for more attention, disinterested help and anticipatory active care of a social worker.

We found that the majority of the elderly people we interviewed are not always satisfied with the quality of free social services (70%), and believe that paid social services are necessary (60%)

The opinion of older people about paid services

Also, the majority of respondents believe that the quality of paid social services is higher compared to free ones (90%), paid services have a larger volume and range (80%), and are quite affordable for pensioners (80%).

Thus, as a result of the study, we made the following conclusions:

Half of the older people we interviewed use social workers several times a week;

Elderly people state their need for more attention, disinterested help and anticipatory active care of a social worker;

Most of the older people we interviewed are not always satisfied with the quality of free social services;

Most of the respondents believe that paid social services are necessary;

Most of the respondents believe that the quality of paid social services is higher than free ones;

Paid services have a larger volume and range, and are quite affordable for pensioners.

We can conclude that the attitude of older people towards paid social services is positive.

Another innovation. Combining 2 forms of social services that are different in content and ideology: non-stationary and stationary. The goal of the project is to provide senior citizens with high-quality and diverse, including new social services, using the wide possibilities of an autonomous institution.

Now it is not enough to clean the apartment, buy food, etc., it is necessary to go further and provide social services of a higher class along with household services - this is the organization of leisure, the provision of additional medical, rehabilitation, psychological, intellectual services. People come to have a medical examination, receive treatment and rehabilitation services (the medical department is in demand, gym, balneary, psychological services). Yes, and just have a good time: in communication, studying in hobby groups, going to the theater, watching your favorite movie in a pleasant company, and so on. Accommodation and four meals a day, including dietary ones, are provided. These services are paid and are in great demand by the population.

Thus, in the department of social services at home No. 3 of Babushkin, Kabansky district, the following proposals were introduced and proposed:

service in the "foster family", which is part of the home care strategy aimed at the maximum possible stay of citizens in the familiar social environment;

“hospice at home”, sick citizens who need palliative care are provided;

faculties of the "University of the Third Age" work in close cooperation with public, cultural and leisure organizations;

Federal Law No. 442 dated December 28, 2013 "On the basics of social services for citizens in the Russian Federation" from January 1, 2015. a list of grounds for recognizing a citizen in a difficult life situation has been formed. For citizens whose income is below one and a half times the average per capita subsistence minimum, services are provided free of charge.

Conclusion

The elderly and old people are a special category of the population, which is extremely heterogeneous in terms of age and other characteristics. More than anyone, they need support and participation. It is in connection with these circumstances that older people, as a special social group, need increased attention from society and the state and represent a specific object of social work.

In order to work with the elderly and old people, it is necessary to clearly understand the social and psychological problems of the elderly and old people. In this work, it is necessary to rely on such sciences as, for example, sociology, social gerontology, geriatrics, psychology; rely on data from sociological, psychological, socio-economic and other types of research. The problem of social work with the elderly and old people is of national importance. A legislative and legal framework for social work has been created, which defines the goals and objectives of social work; sources of financing; programs of social protection of the elderly and elderly have been formulated.

The level of civilization of a society is directly dependent on the position occupied by the elderly, the disabled and children in society. It is quite obvious that the future of the country and its sustainable social development depend on the measure, depth and consistency of solving the problems of older citizens.

The problem of social work with the elderly and old people is of national importance. A legislative and legal framework for social work has been created, which defines the goals and objectives of social work; sources of financing; programs of social protection of the elderly and elderly have been formulated.

Creating a system of social services that meets the needs of the population is one of the most important tasks of the state during the development of a socially oriented market economy. It is necessary to concentrate the efforts of all interested parties - representatives of the legislative branch, executive bodies, researchers, public associations in order to consistently implement measures to develop and strengthen the system of social services for the elderly population in various social services to ensure the state-guaranteed level of social welfare and normal functioning.

In this thesis the author achieved the goal - the study of the organization of social services for elderly citizens in the Russian Federation was carried out with the subsequent development of recommendations for the provision of social services to the population in a social protection institution.

The following conclusions were made as part of the thesis research.

Population aging and old age are the object of study of various branches of scientific knowledge, which gives the study of social problems of older citizens an interdisciplinary character.

The situation of the elderly population in the Russian Federation is characterized by the presence of a complex of biomedical (physiological), mental, socio-psychological, socio-cultural, communicative, socio-economic and other problems.

Elderly citizens are a specific category of objects of state social protection, which is reflected in the relevant regulatory legal acts of the federal, regional, municipal and local levels.

A number of regulatory documents are in force in the Republic of Buryatia: (Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 442-FZ “On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens of the Russian Federation”, Law of the Republic of Belarus of October 07, 2014 No. 665-5 “On the Implementation of the Powers for Social Services for Citizens on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia”, Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated December 12, 2014 No. 637 “On approval of the amount of payment for the provision of social services and the procedure for collection in the Republic of Buryatia”, Decree of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia dated October 22, 2014 No. 519 “On approval nomenclature of the organization of social services for citizens in the Republic of Buryatia")

In the department of social services at home No. 3, the number of social workers is 25 people who serve 141 citizens.

New improvements in social work in the department of social services at home No. 3: a foster family, a hospice at home, faculties of the "University of the Third Age", as well as the Federal Law No. 442 of December 28, 2013, which entered into force, which allows older citizens to be served free of charge, have found their application . Senior citizens use these services.

The importance of the conducted research confirms the growing number of older people in need of social support, and the existing system is not able to fully protect them and requires further improvement.

These proposals are embodied in a new, improved and integrated approach to the provision of services. In short, we are implementing the following formula: an individual approach to everyone + creating comfortable conditions by developing the material base of the institution + introducing new services, including paid ones, + a significant expansion of the rehabilitation component. As a result, in recent years, it has been possible to significantly improve the quality of services. Not resting on our laurels, studying new processes in society, including at the global level, we see the future of stationary social services in the construction of new, specially designed institutions in full compliance with the norms of a barrier-free environment.

List of used literature

1. Aleksandrova M.D. Problems of social and psychological gerontology. - St. Petersburg, 2007

2. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology
Attachment 1

Dear respondent!

Please answer the questions below. This questionnaire is carried out in order to improve the level of organization of social work. In this regard, we ask you to be as frank as possible when answering questions. For questions 2 and 8, you need to give your own answers, in other cases, choose an answer from the proposed options. The results of the survey will be used only in a generalized form.

Thank you for your help!

1. Do you use social services?

Yes

Not

2. If you use, what ________________________________

3. Do you need social assistance

Yes

Not

4. If so, which one?

Monetary

Grocery

clothing

moral support

social services

5. How do you assess your emotional state?

Good

Badly

Satisfactorily

Very bad

5. Do you need psychological support

Yes

Not

In some cases

6. To what extent are you satisfied with your position in society

Absolutely satisfied

Arranges

More satisfied than not

Do not know

Rather dissatisfied

Not satisfied

Absolutely not satisfied

7. Please indicate the reasons that influenced your opinion

_____________________________________________________________

8. How do you rate your health

Good

Badly

Satisfactorily

Very bad

9. How do you spend your free time

I'm chatting with friends

I do needlework

raising grandchildren

- gardening

I read

Watching TV

Other (please specify)

________________________________________

And now we ask you to provide some information about yourself.

1. Your gender

2. Your age:

21 to 55

56 and older

Family status

Married / Married

Widow / widower

Lonely / lonely

3. You live

On one's own

Together with relatives

Other (please specify) ____________________________

Thanks again for your help!

The vast majority of older people need the widest range of services and assistance provided to them by strangers, whether they be family members, neighbors, medical, social or charity organisations. The problems of social work with old people are currently in the focus of attention of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for this category of the population.

Social work with the elderly and old people in Russia began to develop from the beginning of the 1990s, and today certain experience has been accumulated in this area. According to social gerontologists, the main task of social work is to connect the individual or family with the external and internal sources of those resources that are necessary to correct, improve or maintain a certain situation.

A change in the social status of a person in old age, caused primarily by the termination or limitation of labor activity, the transformation of value orientations, the very way of life and communication, as well as the emergence of various difficulties in both social and psychological adaptation to new conditions, dictates the need development and implementation of specific approaches, forms and methods of social work with this category of the population. The attitude of the elderly and old people themselves to the assistance provided by social workers deserves special attention. Practical experience and specially conducted research allow us to identify several specific stereotypes of the behavior of elderly and old people:

rejection of social assistance in Everyday life, distrust of social workers, unwillingness to be dependent on strangers, strangers;
desire and perseverance in obtaining as much as possible more services from social workers, imposing on the latter the performance of all household duties;
dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction with their living conditions is transferred to social workers with whom they directly communicate;
a social worker is perceived as an object that is responsible for their physical health, moral and material condition.

Of course, the bulk of the older population, with whom social work is carried out in its various forms, expresses its sincere gratitude to social workers and highly appreciates their work. However, unfriendly attitude, suspicion, dissatisfaction with the services provided is also not uncommon.

Social workers need to prepare from the very beginning for the fact that in their work there will be much less gratitude than suspicion, unfounded accusations, and often undeserved insults. They must be patient and caring towards anyone, even a very capricious and annoying old person.

The most important thing is that every old person is a person and, as a person, has a value in itself. Personality is the core of human existence, its feelings, experiences and actions. It also determines the behavior of a person in the process of aging.

Main tasks social work with the elderly and elderly:

to assist in the processes of adaptation of an old person to changed living conditions, to recognize and eliminate difficulties of a personal, social, environmental and spiritual nature that adversely affect them;
help to cope with these difficulties through supportive, rehabilitative, protective or corrective action;
to protect them in accordance with the law, resorting to the use of power;
promote wider use by each client of their own opportunities for social self-defense;
use all means and sources for the social protection of people in need, etc.

To be successful in working with the elderly, a social worker must have a universal background. Understanding and awareness of the many psychological, somatic, moral and ethical, material and everyday problems that arise in the elderly and old people, mastering methods and technologies that can help and facilitate everyday practical work and communication with this category of the population - this is only a little of what a specialist should know and be able to do.

From the point of view of professional training, employees of social service institutions can be divided into specialists and non-specialists. Specialists of social services have higher and secondary vocational education - specialized and non-core.

Non-specialists (auxiliary service personnel) should be divided into three groups: skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. As practice shows, they all have different levels of professional qualifications, training and professional skills. Not all social workers holding the positions of social work specialists can successfully perform their duties, have professional skills sufficient to successfully solve the specific problems of older clients. Without professional skills, it is impossible to organize individual social services in order to resolve the difficult life situation of an elderly person and ensure the socio-psychological harmony of his functioning.

Working with older people in all countries is considered one of the most difficult in all respects.

The concept of "professionalism in social work" was not immediately put into circulation and was used in the United States and Western Europe. As early as the beginning of the 20th century. it has been argued that social work is not a profession, and social worker is a secondary position. Gradually, however, the status of both social work and the social worker changed. The authority of this profession has increased significantly.

Professionalism in social work, as defined by L.V. Top - what - is constantly maintained at a high level of knowledge, skills and abilities of a specialist, providing qualified assistance to people in resolving their life problems, achieving high quality work and results.

Consequently, the professionalism of a social worker is characterized by the presence of a number of professionally significant qualities:

professional vocation;
deep motivation to perform labor in its various modifications;
spiritual and moral qualities, inclination to work with people;
professional excellence;
objectively critical attitude to their activities;
professional knowledge and professional skills;
the ability to learn and achieve self-realization throughout life;
professional pride as a socio-psychological state of the individual;
development of spiritual and moral qualities.

The essence of social work with the elderly is social rehabilitation. In this case, social rehabilitation is a restoration in the usual duties, functions, activities, nature of relationships with people. The main thing for a social worker is the transformation of an elderly person from an object (client) of social work into its subject. Overcoming, softening the drama of lack of demand occurs on the basis of one's own everyday, including professional, family experience. It is important not only to give to a person, but also to help him continue to give himself, thereby maintaining stability, a guarantee of a certain stability, a sense of good prospects, an optimistic and realizable hope that a person remains in demand even in new circumstances.

So, what qualities should a specialist have when working with the elderly and the elderly?

Studies show that the most significant for this category of social service clients are the following qualities of a social work specialist, which can be conditionally divided into 3 groups:

personal characteristics: kindness, caring, honesty, responsiveness, friendliness, tolerance, humanity, sociability, compassion, disinterestedness, balance;
communication skills: attention to others, ability to listen, courtesy, polite attitude towards people;
attitude to work: conscientiousness, diligence, responsibility, exactingness to oneself.

Qualities unacceptable for social workers:

personality traits: nervousness, self-interest, mental callousness, arrogance, dishonesty, cruelty;
communication skills: rudeness, disrespect for people, disgust, anger, impoliteness, impudence;
attitude to work: indifference to the wards, constant haste, irresponsibility, laziness, dishonesty, unwillingness to help, frivolity, lack of concentration, extortion.

In general, clients would like social workers to be more generous, understanding, and compassionate.

The most important thing in social work should be the ability to establish contacts with old people, to master the art of communicating with them, otherwise various interpersonal misunderstandings, misunderstandings and even open mutual hostility arise. Thus, the ability to listen is one of the main qualities of a social worker.

Mastering the skills to communicate with old people is not an easy task; in addition to the ability to listen to an old person, to understand his needs, it is necessary at the same time to collect objective information about him, to analyze and evaluate the situation in which he finds himself, to determine what are his objective difficulties, and what is the result of subjective experiences.

The highest indicator of the professionalism of a social worker is the trust of the old person, the acceptance of advice; all efforts should be aimed at activating it, encouraging them to independently resolve personal problems.

Social work in its current understanding and interpretation cannot do without deontology. L.V. Topchiy and A.A. Kozlov define deontology as a set of ethical norms of professional behavior of social workers. In deontology, they include the basic principles, moral precepts that allow for effective social services for the population, excluding adverse factors in social work, aimed at optimizing the system of relationships between various categories of social service personnel and clients, preventing the negative consequences of social services: professional duty, disinterestedness, professional restraint and self-control, trust between specialists and clients, professional secrecy, etc.

Deontological problems are especially acute when dealing with seriously ill old people who have lost the ability to self-service. It is well known that the most successful in caring for the elderly are patient and balanced people. Of course, moral support is the most valuable, so a social worker who does not limit his activities to formal services, who also managed to become a benevolent and attentive interlocutor, assistant and adviser, will turn out to be an ideal comforter for an old person.

Too harsh, domineering, working mainly for money or for the sake of a career, they cannot cope with this type of activity. In turn, old people with their life experience very easily understand and catch falsehood and insincerity in relation to them. A hurried person who does not know how to listen, preoccupied with his own problems, will never gain the trust of old people.

A social worker needs to pay special attention to his appearance and the way he communicates with old clients. Too much fashion clothes, an abundance of cosmetics and jewelry does not contribute to establishing contacts between old people and social workers.

Old people are especially distrustful of frivolous, superficial people who make promises but do not fulfill them. Lack of concentration, carelessness, restlessness, verbosity also cause wariness on the part of the old person towards the social worker and do not contribute to the establishment of trusting contacts that are necessary for both parties.

When caring for old patients who have lost the ability to self-care, the social worker, with all his behavior and actions, must support and arouse the desire to maintain maximum mobility for as long as possible and perform at least the most elementary self-care activities. In any case, the dignity and sense of independence of old people must be respected.

The old person should become the subject of an individual approach for the social worker. A sense of respect for an old person, an interest in his life path and experience usually increase confidence in a social worker, his authority as a specialist. One should never forget that when talking with an old person, one should try to keep an expression of interest, sympathy and goodwill on the face. All this will allow you to get acquainted with the social history of the old person, place and living conditions, understand intra-family relations, their significance for this person, understand interpersonal relationships between young family members and the old man, help resolve their internal disagreements and grievances. The role of the rehabilitation of the elderly and old people in this case should be assessed from both social and moral points of view. It also has a significant economic effect, since the restoration of the ability to self-care frees a large number of medical personnel, if they are admitted to the hospital, as well as relatives from caring for sick old people, relieving them of the need to leave their professional activities.